Immune ambivalence: The schizophrenic bleomycin.

In addition to cytotoxic effects, anticancer agents can exert multiple immunomodulatory functions. We have recently described the molecular mechanisms whereby bleomycin can 1) promote endoplasmic reticulum stress, causing the immunogenic death of cancer cells and hence strengthening antitumor CD8 T cell responses; and 2) induce the secretion of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which stimulates regulatory T cells. This suggests that bleomycin may be favorably combined with TGFβ-targeting strategies.