Self-healing vesicles deposit lipid-coated Janus particles into nanoscopic trenches.

Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations, we model the interaction between nanoscopic lipid vesicles and Janus nanoparticles localized on an adhesive substrate in the presence of an imposed flow. The system is immersed in a hydrophilic solution, and the hydrophilic substrate contains nanoscopic trenches, which are either step- or wedge-shaped. The fluid-driven vesicle successfully picks up Janus particles on the substrate, transports these particles as cargo along the surface, and then drops off the particles into the trenches. For Janus particles with a relatively large hydrophobic region, lipids from the bilayer membrane become detached from the vesicle and bound to the hydrophobic domain of the deposited particle. While the detachment of these lipids rips the vesicle, it provides a coating that effectively shields the hydrophobic portion of the nanoparticle from the outer solution. After the particle has been dropped off, the torn vesicle undergoes structural rearrangement, reforming into a closed structure that resembles its original shape. In effect, the vesicle displays pronounced adaptive behavior, shedding lipids to form a protective coating around the particle and undergoing a self-healing process after the particle has been deposited. This responsive, adaptive behavior is observed in cases involving both the step- and wedge-shaped trenches, but the step trench is more effective at inducing particle drop off. The results reveal that the introduction of grooves or trenches into a hydrophilic surface can facilitate the targeted delivery of amphiphilic particles by self-healing vesicles, which could be used for successive delivery events.