trying...<BR><?xml version="1.0" ?>
<!DOCTYPE PubmedArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMedArticle, 1st January 2024//EN" "https://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/pubmed/out/pubmed_240101.dtd">
<PubmedArticleSet>
<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24191321</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>05</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1011-601X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>26</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><PubDate><Year>2013</Year><Month>Nov</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Pak J Pharm Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Chemical composition, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-free radical properties of six extracts from Lebanese Trigonella berythea Boiss.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>1157</StartPage><EndPage>1163</EndPage><MedlinePgn>1157-63</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>This study represents an original work aimed to recognize the main constitution of Trigonella berythea. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of leaves and stems of T. berythea have been estimated. An extraction and purification of phenolic mixture compounds from the leaves and stems of this plant have been performed and their antioxidant potential using the DPPH, H2O2 and chelating of ferrous ions tests has been evaluated. Then, their cytotoxicity on the MCF7 breast cancer cell line by the XTT Cell Viability technique has been studied. Our results demonstrated that leaves of T. berythea had higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid content than stems. On the other hand, the six extract from leaves and stems of this plant demonstrated a high antioxidant potential reaches more than 80%. Also, extracts from leaves of T. berythea had the highest inhibitory effect on MCF7 and U937 cell growth than that of stems. This inhibition was more than 60% for all extracts. These results provide new insight into the health functions of leaves and stems and demonstrate that T. berythea extracts can potentially have health benefits.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Farhan</LastName><ForeName>Hussein</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Lebanese University, Lebanon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rammal</LastName><ForeName>Hassan</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hijazi</LastName><ForeName>Akram</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Annan</LastName><ForeName>Houssein</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Daher</LastName><ForeName>Ahmad</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reda</LastName><ForeName>Mohamad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Badran</LastName><ForeName>Bassam</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Pakistan</Country><MedlineTA>Pak J Pharm Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9426356</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1011-601X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000972">Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016166">Free Radical Scavengers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010936">Plant Extracts</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000972" MajorTopicYN="N">Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D049109" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Proliferation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016166" MajorTopicYN="N">Free Radical Scavengers</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007861" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Lebanon</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061986" MajorTopicYN="N">MCF-7 Cells</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010936" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Extracts</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D029910" MajorTopicYN="N">Trigonella</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020298" MajorTopicYN="N">U937 Cells</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2014</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24191321</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle></PubmedArticleSet>trying2...<BR>trying...<BR><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE eSearchResult PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD esearch 20060628//EN" "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/eutils/dtd/20060628/esearch.dtd">
<eSearchResult><Count>14703</Count><RetMax>5</RetMax><RetStart>0</RetStart><QueryKey>1</QueryKey><WebEnv>MCID_676f086d9db52825150b441f</WebEnv><IdList>
<Id>39728160</Id>
<Id>39725603</Id>
<Id>39723434</Id>
<Id>39722263</Id>
<Id>39722211</Id>
</IdList><TranslationSet><Translation>     <From>leaves</From>     <To>"leave"[All Fields] OR "leaved"[All Fields] OR "leaving"[All Fields] OR "plant leaves"[MeSH Terms] OR ("plant"[All Fields] AND "leaves"[All Fields]) OR "plant leaves"[All Fields] OR "leaves"[All Fields]</To>    </Translation><Translation>     <From>stems</From>     <To>"stem's"[All Fields] OR "stemmed"[All Fields] OR "stemming"[All Fields] OR "stems"[All Fields]</To>    </Translation></TranslationSet><QueryTranslation>("leave"[All Fields] OR "leaved"[All Fields] OR "leaving"[All Fields] OR "plant leaves"[MeSH Terms] OR ("plant"[All Fields] AND "leaves"[All Fields]) OR "plant leaves"[All Fields] OR "leaves"[All Fields]) AND ("stem s"[All Fields] OR "stemmed"[All Fields] OR "stemming"[All Fields] OR "stems"[All Fields])</QueryTranslation></eSearchResult>
trying2...<BR>trying...<BR><?xml version="1.0" ?>
<!DOCTYPE PubmedArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMedArticle, 1st January 2024//EN" "https://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/pubmed/out/pubmed_240101.dtd">
<PubmedArticleSet>
<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">39728160</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2079-4983</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>15</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><PubDate><Year>2024</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>27</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of functional biomaterials</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Funct Biomater</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Patient Experience and Wound Healing Outcomes Using Different Palatal Protection Methods After Free Gingival Grafts: A Systematic Review.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">360</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3390/jfb15120360</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>(1) Background: A free gingival graft (FGG) is a common technique used to reconstruct or enhance the area of keratinized mucosa, while a connective tissue graft (CTG) is utilized to boost soft tissue thickness, thereby promoting stability in interproximal marginal bone levels. Most reported complications following FGG procedure are associated with the donor site. In addition to a painful, open wound in the palate, the most frequent complications linked to FGG harvesting include excessive bleeding, postoperative bone exposure, and recurrent herpes lesions. Numerous methods for securing the donor site after a free gingival graft surgery have been documented in research publications. The main objective of this systematic review was to assess various techniques for protecting the palate after graft harvesting and their impact on patient experience, with a focus on pain management. The secondary objective was to evaluate these techniques in relation to donor site wound healing. (2) Methods: The search was performed across four databases: Medline (PubMed Central), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and the recommendations set forth in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The initial search took place on 9 October 2023, followed by an update on 28 June 2024. The search utilized the following keywords: ("wound" OR "injury") AND ("graft" OR "free gingival graft" OR "graft harvesting") AND ("healing" OR "recovery") AND "palate". (3) Results: After conducting the follow-up search, a total of 958 papers were identified: 193 from PubMed, 314 from Scopus, 101 from Web of Science, and 350 from Embase. Ultimately, of the 49 papers that remained, 11 were excluded due to not fulfilling the inclusion criteria, leaving 38 full-text papers on free gingival grafts (FGG) for qualitative analysis. (4) Conclusions: Various methods for palatal protection after free gingival grafts (FGG) are described in the literature, stemming from biological, physical, or chemical sources. Most studies in this review examined platelet-rich fibrin and suggested that it provides no benefits for patients' subjective experiences or wound healing outcomes. While photobiomodulation appears to support wound epithelialization, it does not influence pain perception. Alternatives such as propolis, hyaluronic acid, and medicinal plant extracts show potential for palatal protection; however, further research is needed to thoroughly evaluate their effectiveness.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jankowski</LastName><ForeName>Tomasz</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0009-0004-4722-9627</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Private Practice Dental Clinic Jankowscy, Czerwonego Krzy&#x17c;a 24, 68-200 &#x17b;ary, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jankowska</LastName><ForeName>Agnieszka</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5686-7808</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Private Practice Dental Clinic Jankowscy, Czerwonego Krzy&#x17c;a 24, 68-200 &#x17b;ary, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Palczewska-Komsa</LastName><ForeName>Mirona</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-111 Szczecin, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jedli&#x144;ski</LastName><ForeName>Maciej</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3446-6119</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-111 Szczecin, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kazimierczak</LastName><ForeName>Wojciech</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8372-0550</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru&#x144;, Jagiello&#x144;ska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Janiszewska-Olszowska</LastName><ForeName>Joanna</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-4374-2568</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-111 Szczecin, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2024</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>J Funct Biomater</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101570734</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2079-4983</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">donor site</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">free gingival graft</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">pain perception</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">periodontology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">platelet-rich fibrin</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">wound healing</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>21</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2024</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2024</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>20</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2024</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>26</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>23</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">39728160</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3390/jfb15120360</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">jfb15120360</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">39725603</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0191-2917</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><PubDate><Year>2024</Year><Month>Dec</Month><Day>26</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Plant disease</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Plant Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by <i>Septoria cerastii</i> on Invasive Weed <i>Cerastium glomeratum</i> in Korea.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1955-PDN</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., known as sticky mouse-ear chickweed, is native to Europe and has become naturalized in the wild on most continents. After its accidental introduction to Korea around the 1980s, it quickly became one of the dominant invasive weeds on the Korean peninsula and is now considered a significant threat to the Korean agroecosystem (Park et al., 2020). In June 2013, a leaf blight was first observed on C. glomeratum in Jeju island, Korea. Voucher specimens (n = 12) from several locations throughout Korea were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F). Symptoms appeared as pale-greenish discolorations in indistinct, poorly defined leaf lesions, which progressed into pallid to brownish lesions without definite margins. The leaf spots were rarely observed on stems and bracts. The black conidiomata became visible in the lesions. Conidiomata were pycnidial, epigenous, and rarely hypogenous, scattered, dark brown to rusty brown, globose, embedded in host tissue or partly erumpent, 60 to 130 &#xb5;m in diameter, with ostioles measuring 20 to 40 &#xb5;m in diameter, and released cirriform conidial masses. The conidiomatal wall was composed of textura angularis without distinctly differentiated layers, but the outer cells were darker and somewhat thicker walls than the inner cells. Conidiogenous cells were submerged in the conidiomata wall, ampulliform or elongated ampulliform with a distinct neck and hyaline. Conidia were straight to mildly curved, hyaline, 25 to 65 &#xd7; 1.5 to 2.5 &#xb5;m, and 2 to 4-septate. Based on the morphological characteristics, the fungus was consistent with Septoria cerastii Roberge ex Desm. (Priest 1997, Verkley et al. 2013). Pure cultures were obtained by collecting conidia from pycnidia on leaf lesions and streaking them onto water agar media. After incubating at 24&#xb0;C for 48 hours, germinating conidia were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. An isolate was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection under Accession No. KACC 410466. To confirm morphological identification, six phylogenetic loci, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S rDNA (LSU), &#x3b2;-tubulin (TUB2), translation elongation factor 1-&#x3b1; (EF), actin (ACT), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), were sequenced (Verkley et al. 2013) and deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos: PQ061282, PQ106848, PQ120988, PQ120980, PQ120993, and PQ120983). Results of the BLASTn search revealed a nucleotide difference with the ex-epitype culture (CBS 102323) of Septoria cerastii in ITS and LSU regions but a 100% match with reference sequences of S. cerastii (KF252834.1 for TUB2, KF253309.1 for EF, KF253666.1 for ACT, and KF252363.1 for RPB2). In a phylogenetic tree reconstructed using the multi-loci sequences, the Korean isolate formed a well-supported group with reference isolates of Septoria cerastii. Pathogenicity was tested by spraying a conidial suspension (2 &#xd7; 105 conidia/ml) harvested from a four-week-old PDA culture (KACC 410466) onto the leaf surface of three healthy C. glomeratum plants. Three control plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. All plants were kept in a dark dew chamber at 26 &#xb0;C for 24 h and then moved to a greenhouse (22 to 24 &#xb0;C, &gt;70% relative humidity, and a 12-h photoperiod). After a week, symptoms identical to those observed in the field developed on the leaves inoculated with the fungus. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Septoria cerastii was re-isolated from symptomatic lesions of the inoculated plants, and its identity was confirmed by morphology, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This pathogen has been recorded on many species of Cerastium worldwide, including the occurrences on C. glomeratum reported in Australia, New Zealand, and Portugal (Priest 1997, Farr &amp; Rossman 2024). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight on C. glomeratum caused by S. cerastii in Asia as well as in Korea.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Choi</LastName><ForeName>In-Young</ForeName><Initials>IY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Chonbuk National University, Agricultural Biology, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Korea (the Republic of), 54896; iychoi@jbnu.ac.kr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nam</LastName><ForeName>Bora</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kunsan National University, Center for Convergent Agrobioengineering, Gunsan, Korea (the Republic of); brnam@kunsan.ac.kr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Choi</LastName><ForeName>Young-Joon</ForeName><Initials>YJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University, Department of Biology, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Korea (the Republic of), 54150; yjchoi@kunsan.ac.kr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Seong-Jin</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Plant Quarantine, 167, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Gimcheon, Gyeongsanbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of), 39660; mycomania21@korea.kr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shin</LastName><ForeName>Hyeon-Dong</ForeName><Initials>HD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Korea University, Environmental Science &amp; Ecological Engineering, Seoul, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of), 02841; hdshin@korea.ac.kr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Plant Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9882809</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0191-2917</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">exotic weed</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">sticky mouse-ear chickweed</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>21</Hour><Minute>53</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">39725603</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1955-PDN</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">39723434</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1179-1594</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>17</Volume><PubDate><Year>2024</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Risk management and healthcare policy</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Risk Manag Healthc Policy</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Hope is Not a Strategy: Key Lessons from COVID-19 for Future Health Crises.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>3247</StartPage><EndPage>3256</EndPage><MedlinePgn>3247-3256</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.2147/RMHP.S495041</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="INTRODUCTION" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global economies, social structures, and public health systems. However, Denmark stood out as an exception, maintaining steady life expectancy during this period. This raises important questions about the factors that strengthened the Danish healthcare system and society against the pandemic's challenges.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">The Danish healthcare system serves 5.8 million citizens with free care, advanced digital infrastructure, and comprehensive health registers. Under the auspices of the Danish Society for Patient Safety, insights from Denmark's response to COVID-19 were collected from the onset of the pandemic. This paper builds on these collected experiences, covering crucial areas such as strategies to reduce transmission, digitalization, management of non-COVID diseases, tracking adverse events, workplace well-being, development and use of predictive models, and maintaining public trust. Patient-level data on contacts, contact types, and clinical procedures were obtained from health administrative systems and clinical quality registries. All results were reported as raw counts, with no statistical analyses applied.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">During COVID-19, Denmark's healthcare system demonstrated resilience by adapting swiftly, achieving a high vaccination rate, shifting to virtual care, enhancing response capacity through real-time adverse event tracking, and supporting healthcare workers through crisis teams minimizing prolonged sick leave. Predictive models accurately forecasted healthcare demands, while public health strategies focused on monitoring public behavior and trust in authorities.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DISCUSSION" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">A key lesson from Denmark's handling of COVID-19 is that much of the observed resilience stemmed from pre-existing structures that could be reused, further developed, and expanded. This resilience was further enhanced by an unprecedented readiness for change, cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration, and the removal of typical barriers. These experiences aim to further improve the quality and resilience of healthcare in Denmark and inspire other countries' healthcare systems. Moving forward, acknowledging chronic conflicts as the new normal, coupled with the reminder that "hope is not a strategy", could serve as a pivotal approach.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>&#xa9; 2024 Knudsen et al.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Knudsen</LastName><ForeName>S&#xf8;ren Valgreen</ForeName><Initials>SV</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3792-8983</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kristensen</LastName><ForeName>Inge</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0009-0006-0882-8824</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Society for Patient Safety, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kure-Biegel</LastName><ForeName>Nanna</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0009-0005-9146-0671</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health and Care, Aarhus Municipality, Aarhus, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bech</LastName><ForeName>Mickael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Political Science and Public Management, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agerbak</LastName><ForeName>Hanne</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Local Government Denmark (KL), Copenhagen, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hansen</LastName><ForeName>Camilla Plambeck</ForeName><Initials>CP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0805-9504</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Clinical Registries (RKKP), the Danish Clinical Quality Program, Aarhus, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohr-Jensen</LastName><ForeName>Christina</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Valentin</LastName><ForeName>Jan Brink</ForeName><Initials>JB</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-8205-7179</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petersen</LastName><ForeName>Michael Bang</ForeName><Initials>MB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mainz</LastName><ForeName>Jan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department for Community Mental Health, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>21</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Risk Manag Healthc Policy</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101566264</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1179-1594</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">adverse events</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">crisis management</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">health services research</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">patient safety</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">quality of care</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">working wellbeing</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The author(s) report no conflicts of interest in this work.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2024</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>6</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2024</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>21</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>4</Hour><Minute>26</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>21</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">39723434</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC11669334</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.2147/RMHP.S495041</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">495041</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Aburto JM, Sch&#xf6;ley J, Kashnitsky I, et al. Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(1):63&#x2013;74. doi:10.1093/ije/dyab207</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/ije/dyab207</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8500096</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34564730</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>European Union. Health at a Glance: Europe 2022. OECD; 2022. doi:10.1787/507433b0-en</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1787/507433b0-en</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Karlinsky A, Kobak D. Tracking excess mortality across countries during the covid-19 pandemic with the world mortality dataset. Elife. 2021;10. doi:10.7554/eLife.69336</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.7554/eLife.69336</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8331176</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34190045</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>OECD. Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. OECD. 2021. doi:10.1787/ae3016b9-en</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1787/ae3016b9-en</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Dansk Selskab for Patientsikkerhed. Kvalitet Og Patientsikkerhed Under COVID-19 [Quality and Patient Safety During COVID-19]. Dansk Selskab for Patientsikkerhed; 2021.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Tikkanen R, Osborn R, Mossialos E, Djordjevic A, Wharton G. International Profiles of Health Care Systems. Commonw. Fund. 2020;12:1.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>United Nations. E-Government Survey 2022; 2022. Available from: https://publicadministration.un.org/en/. Accessed December
14, 2024.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mainz J, Hess MH, Johnsen SP. The Danish unique personal identifier and the Danish civil registration system as a tool for research and quality improvement. Int J Qual Health Care. 2019;31:1&#x2013;4. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzz008</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/intqhc/mzz008</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">31220255</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Adelborg K, et al. The Danish health care system and epidemiological research: from health care contacts to database records. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:563&#x2013;591. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S179083</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.2147/CLEP.S179083</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC6634267</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">31372058</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Kjellberg PK, Kjellberg J, Hirani JC, et al. Baggrunden for covid-19-udbrud og -d&#xf8;dsfald p&#xe5; plejecentre og i hjemmeplejen i Danmark i perioden januar 2020 - April 2021 [The background of COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths in nursing homes and home care in Denmark from January 2020 to April 2021]. 2022.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Olagnier D, Mogensen TH. The Covid-19 pandemic in Denmark: big lessons from a small country. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;53:10&#x2013;12. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.005</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.005</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7217796</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32405247</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Petersen MB. COVID lesson: trust the public with hard truths. Nature. 2021;598(7880):237. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02758-2</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/d41586-021-02758-2</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34642478</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Huibers L, Bech BH, Kirk UB, Kallestrup P, Vestergaard CH, Christensen MB. Contacts in general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: a register-based study. Br J Gen Pract. 2022;72(724):E799&#x2013;E808. doi:10.3399/BJGP.2021.0703</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3399/BJGP.2021.0703</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9591020</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">36253113</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>OECD. Health at a Glance: Europe 2022: State of Health in the EU Cycle. OECD Publishing; 2022.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ibfelt EH, Jensen H, Vrou Offersen B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide population-based study. Acta Oncol. 2023;62(12):1749&#x2013;1756. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2023.2259598</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1080/0284186X.2023.2259598</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">37750293</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Olesen TB, Rasmussen TR, Jakobsen E, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer Epidemiol. 2023:85. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2023.102373</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.canep.2023.102373</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC10123358</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">37172520</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Olesen TB, Jensen H, M&#xf8;ller H, et al. Nation-wide mammography screening participation in Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study. Elife. 2023;12:e83541. doi:10.7554/eLife.83541</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.7554/eLife.83541</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC10513477</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">37589381</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Knudsen SV, Valentin JB, Videbech P, Mainz J, Johnsen SP. Inequities in mental health care quality and clinical outcomes among inpatients with depression within a tax-financed universal health care system. Clin Epidemiol. 2022;14:803&#x2013;813. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S322392</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.2147/CLEP.S322392</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9250345</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35789690</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Knudsen SV, Valentin JB, Norredam M, Videbech P, Mainz J, Johnsen SP. Differences in quality of care, mortality, suicidal behavior, and readmissions among migrants and Danish-born inpatients with major depressive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2022;65(1). doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2329</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2329</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9677448</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">36268603</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Uggerby C, Knudsen SV, Gr&#xf8;ntved S, et al. Adverse events reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Danish region: a retrospective analysis. Int J Qual Health Care. 2024;36(2). doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzae049</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/intqhc/mzae049</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">38870099</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Zhu Z, Xu S, Wang H, et al. COVID-19 in Wuhan: sociodemographic characteristics and hospital support measures associated with the immediate psychological impact on healthcare workers. EClinicalMedicine. 2020:24. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100443</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100443</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7311903</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32766545</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Tannenbaum SI, Traylor AM, Thomas EJ, Salas E. Managing teamwork in the face of pandemic: evidence-based tips. BMJ Qual Saf. 2021;30(1):59&#x2013;63. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011447</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011447</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32471858</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Edmondson AC, Lei Z. Psychological safety: the history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2014;1(1):23&#x2013;43. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Valentin JB, M&#xf8;ller H, Johnsen SP. The basic reproduction number can be accurately estimated within 14 days after societal lockdown: the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in Denmark. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0247021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247021</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0247021</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7886116</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33592029</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J&#xf8;rgensen F, Bor A, Petersen MB. Compliance without fear: individual-level protective behaviour during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Health Psychol. 2021;26(2):679&#x2013;696. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12519</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/bjhp.12519</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8250211</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33763971</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Petersen MB, Bor A, J&#xf8;rgensen F, Lindholt MF. Transparent communication about negative features of COVID-19 vaccines decreases acceptance but increases trust. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118:2024597118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2024597118/-/DCSupplemental</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1073/pnas.2024597118/-/DCSupplemental</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8307373</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34292869</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J&#xf8;rgensen F, Bor A, Lindholt MF, Petersen MB. Public support for government responses against COVID-19: assessing levels and predictors in eight Western democracies during 2020. West Eur Polit. 2021;44(5&#x2013;6):1129&#x2013;1158. doi:10.1080/01402382.2021.1925821</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1080/01402382.2021.1925821</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Haghighi MRR, Pallari CT, Achilleos S, et al. Excess mortality and its determinants during the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 countries: an ecological study from the C-MOR project, 2020 and 2021. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024. doi:10.1007/s44197-024-00320-7</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s44197-024-00320-7</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC11652428</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">39527396</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Astorp MS, Gade GV, Emmersen J, Erbs AW, Rasmussen S, Andersen S. Medical students meeting pandemic staff needs: duty, drives and dreads-a cross-sectional questionnaire survey at Aalborg University in Denmark. Med Res Arch. 2022;10(3). doi:10.18103/mra.v10i2.2711</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.18103/mra.v10i2.2711</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Potteg&#xe5;rd A, Kristensen KB, Reilev M, et al. Existing data sources in clinical epidemiology: the Danish covid-19 cohort. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:875&#x2013;881. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S257519</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.2147/CLEP.S257519</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7429185</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32848476</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Bodenheimer T, Sinsky C. From triple to Quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. Ann Fam Med. 2014;12(6):573&#x2013;576. doi:10.1370/afm.1713</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1370/afm.1713</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4226781</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25384822</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">39722263</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1878-5867</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2024</Year><Month>Dec</Month><Day>23</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Steroids</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Steroids</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Structural and functional characterization of genes and enzymes involved in withanolide biosynthesis in Physalis alkekengi L.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>109557</StartPage><MedlinePgn>109557</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109557</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0039-128X(24)00195-8</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Physalis alkekengi L. is recognized as a significant source of various secondary metabolites, particularly c28 steroidal lactones known as withanolides and physalins, renowned for their therapeutic properties with a rich history in traditional medicine. In this study, we characterized the sequences of key downstream genes (PaFPPS, PaSQS, PaSQE, PaCAS, PaHYD1, and PaDWF5-1) involved in the biosynthesis of withanolides, marking the first characterization of these genes in P. alkekengi. Our findings revealed highly conserved amino acid sequences in P. alkekengi, with maximum similarity observed with Withania somnifera. Notably, essential domains crucial for enzyme function were preserved in P. alkekengi, indicating conserved enzyme activity. Comparative analysis of secondary structures, 3D topologies, and evolutionary studies supported ancestral homology. Investigations into the differential gene expression of these genes across seven tissues (young leaves, stems, roots, flowers, mature green fruit, breaker fruit, and red ripe fruit) highlighted higher expression levels in P. alkekengi leaves. These gene expression patterns were corroborated by phytochemical analyses using chromatographic techniques. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the production of two key withanolides, withanolide A and withanone, in P. alkekengi, with maximum production observed in leaves and flowers. These findings suggest that P. alkekengi holds promise as an alternative to W. somnifera for large-scale industrial production of withanolides, particularly withanolide A. Using P. alkekengi eliminates the need to sacrifice the plant, which is typically required in traditional extraction methods from the roots of W. somnifera.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright &#xa9; 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gupta</LastName><ForeName>Swati</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akhoon</LastName><ForeName>Bashir Akhlaq</ForeName><Initials>BA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharma</LastName><ForeName>Deepak</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Singh</LastName><ForeName>Deepika</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kaul</LastName><ForeName>Sanjana</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dhar</LastName><ForeName>Manoj Kumar</ForeName><Initials>MK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India. Electronic address: manojkdhar@rediffmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Steroids</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0404536</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0039-128X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Biosynthesis pathway</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Physalis alkekengi</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Secondary metabolites</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Withanolide A</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Withanolides</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2024</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>29</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2024</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>5</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>21</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>1</Hour><Minute>9</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">39722263</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109557</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0039-128X(24)00195-8</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">39722211</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1469-8137</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2024</Year><Month>Dec</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The New phytologist</Title><ISOAbbreviation>New Phytol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Faster than expected: release of nitrogen and phosphorus from decomposing woody litter.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1111/nph.20362</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Deadwood represents globally important carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) pools. Current wood nutrient dynamics models are extensions of those developed for leaf litter decomposition. However, tissue structure and dominant decomposers differ between leaf and woody litter, and recent evidence suggests that decomposer stoichiometry, in combination with litter quality, may affect nutrient release. We quantified decomposition and release of C and nutrients from woody litter for two stem sizes of 22 tree species in a P-limited temperate forest near Sydney, Australia, and compared these to estimates from leaf litter literature. Following theory, N and P accumulated during early decomposition, but began to decline earlier than expected based on work in leaves. Woody litter converged on higher C&#x2009;:&#x2009;N (50) and N&#x2009;:&#x2009;P (80) ratios than in leaf litter studies. C&#x2009;:&#x2009;N at which N was released was higher in larger stems (c. 124) than in smaller stems (c. 82), both being higher than in leaf litter. Drawing from the literature, these differences in N and P dynamics may be due to the identity of wood decomposers. C&#x2009;:&#x2009;N of wood decomposers is higher than the mean C&#x2009;:&#x2009;N of leaf litter decomposers, and this difference in stoichiometry may have important flow-on effects for nutrient cycles in forests.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>&#xa9; 2024 The Author(s). New Phytologist &#xa9; 2024 New Phytologist Foundation.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wijas</LastName><ForeName>Baptiste J</ForeName><Initials>BJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-7895-083X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4067, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cornwell</LastName><ForeName>William K</ForeName><Initials>WK</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-4080-4073</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oberle</LastName><ForeName>Brad</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4227-3352</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Powell</LastName><ForeName>Jeff R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-1091-2452</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zanne</LastName><ForeName>Amy E</ForeName><Initials>AE</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-6379-9452</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33146, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>DP160103765</GrantID><Agency>Australian Research Council</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><GrantID>DEB-1655759</GrantID><Agency>Division of Environmental Biology</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><GrantID>DEB-2149151</GrantID><Agency>Division of Environmental Biology</Agency><Country/></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>25</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>New Phytol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9882884</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0028-646X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">deadwood</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">decomposition</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">microbes</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">nutrient cycling</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">stoichiometry</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">temperate forest</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2024</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>2</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>20</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2024</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>32</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">39722211</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/nph.20362</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Title>References</Title><Reference><Citation>&#xc5;gren GI, Hyv&#xf6;nen R, Berglund SL, Hobbie SE. 2013. Estimating the critical N&#xa0;: C from litter decomposition data and its relation to soil organic matter stoichiometry. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 67: 312&#x2013;318.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Bates D, Sarkar D, Bates MD, Matrix L. 2007. The lme4 package. R Package v.2:74.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Beever RE, Burns DJW. 1981. Phosphorus uptake, storage and utilization by fungi. Advances in Botanical Research 8: 127&#x2013;219.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Boddy L. 1999. Saprotrophic cord&#x2010;forming fungi: meeting the challenge of heterogeneous environments. Mycologia 91: 13&#x2013;32.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Castillo BT, Franklin RB, Amses KR, Leite MFA, Kuramae EE, Gough CM, James TY, Faller L, Syring J. 2023. Fungal community succession of Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth Aspen) during wood decomposition. Forests 14: 2086.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Chen Y, Sayer EJ, Li Z, Mo Q, Li Y, Ding Y, Wang J, Lu X, Tang J, Wang F. 2016. Nutrient limitation of woody debris decomposition in a tropical forest: contrasting effects of N and P addition. Functional Ecology 30: 295&#x2013;304.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cornwell WK, Cornelissen JHC, Allison SD, Bauhus J, Eggleton P, Preston CM, Scarff F, Weedon JT, Wirth C, Zanne AE. 2009. Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed? Global Change Biology 15: 2431&#x2013;2449.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cornwell WK, Weedon JT. 2014. Decomposition trajectories of diverse litter types: a model selection analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5: 173&#x2013;182.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>D&#xed;ez J, Elosegi A, Chauvet E, Pozo J. 2002. Breakdown of wood in the Ag&#xfc;era stream. Freshwater Biology 47: 2205&#x2013;2215.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ellsworth DS, Anderson IC, Crous KY, Cooke J, Drake JE, Gherlenda AN, Gimeno TE, Macdonald CA, Medlyn BE, Powell JR et&#xa0;al. 2017. Elevated CO2 does not increase eucalypt forest productivity on a low&#x2010;phosphorus soil. Nature Climate Change 7: 279&#x2013;282.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Eriksson K&#x2010;E, Gr&#xfc;newald A, Vallander L. 1980. Studies of growth conditions in wood for three white&#x2010;rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22: 363&#x2013;376.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Fanin N, Fromin N, Buatois B, H&#xe4;ttenschwiler S. 2013. An experimental test of the hypothesis of non&#x2010;homeostatic consumer stoichiometry in a plant litter&#x2013;microbe system. Ecology Letters 16: 764&#x2013;772.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Frey SD, Elliott ET, Paustian K, Peterson GA. 2000. Fungal translocation as a mechanism for soil nitrogen inputs to surface residue decomposition in a no&#x2010;tillage agroecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 689&#x2013;698.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gro&#xdf; C, Hossen S, Hartmann H, Noll M, Borken W. 2022. Biological nitrogen fixation and nifH gene abundance in deadwood of 13 different tree species. Biogeochemistry 161: 353&#x2013;371.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gulis V, Kuehn KA, Schoettle LN, Leach D, Benstead JP, Rosemond AD. 2017. Changes in nutrient stoichiometry, elemental homeostasis and growth rate of aquatic litter&#x2010;associated fungi in response to inorganic nutrient supply. The ISME Journal 11: 2729&#x2013;2739.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>G&#xfc;sewell S, Gessner MO. 2009. N:P ratios influence litter decomposition and colonization by fungi and bacteria in microcosms. Functional Ecology 23: 211&#x2013;219.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Harmon ME, Franklin JF, Swanson FJ, Sollins P, Gregory SV, Lattin JD, Anderson NH, Cline SP, Aumen NG, Sedell JR et&#xa0;al. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15: 133&#x2013;302.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Hart SC. 1999. Nitrogen transformations in fallen tree boles and mineral soil of an old&#x2010;growth forest. Ecology 80: 1385&#x2013;1394.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Herrmann S, Prescott CE. 2008. Mass loss and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests: 21 year results. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: 125&#x2013;132.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Hobbie SE. 2008. Nitrogen effects on decomposition: a five&#x2010;year experiment in eight temperate sites. Ecology 89: 2633&#x2013;2644.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Hu Z, Michaletz ST, Johnson DJ, McDowell NG, Huang Z, Zhou X, Xu C. 2018. Traits drive global wood decomposition rates more than climate. Global Change Biology 24: 5259&#x2013;5269.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Juutilainen K, Halme P, Kotiranta H, M&#xf6;nkk&#xf6;nen M. 2011. Size matters in studies of dead wood and wood&#x2010;inhabiting fungi. Fungal Ecology 4: 342&#x2013;349.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Krah F&#x2010;S, Seibold S, Brandl R, Baldrian P, M&#xfc;ller J, B&#xe4;ssler C. 2018. Independent effects of host and environment on the diversity of wood&#x2010;inhabiting fungi. Journal of Ecology 106: 1428&#x2013;1442.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Laiho R, Prescott CE. 2004. Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in northern coniferous forests: a synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 763&#x2013;777.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lawrence DM, Fisher RA, Koven CD, Oleson KW, Swenson SC, Bonan G, Collier N, Ghimire B, van Kampenhout L, Kennedy D et&#xa0;al. 2019. The community land model version 5: description of new features, benchmarking, and impact of forcing uncertainty. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 11: 4245&#x2013;4287.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lee M, Powell JR, Oberle B, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Dalrymple R, Rigg J, Cornwell WK, Zanne AE. 2022. Initial wood trait variation overwhelms endophyte community effects for explaining decay trajectories. Functional Ecology 36: 1243&#x2013;1257.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lee MR, Powell JR, Oberle B, Cornwell WK, Lyons M, Rigg JL, Zanne AE. 2019. Good neighbors aplenty: fungal endophytes rarely exhibit competitive exclusion patterns across a span of woody habitats. Ecology 100: e02790.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lepinay C, Jir&#xe1;ska L, Tl&#xe1;skal V, Brabcov&#xe1; V, Vr&#x161;ka T, Baldrian P. 2021. Successional development of fungal communities associated with decomposing deadwood in a natural mixed temperate forest. Journal of Fungi 7: 412.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lindahl BO, Taylor AFS, Finlay RD. 2002. Defining nutritional constraints on carbon cycling in boreal forests &#x2013; towards a less &#x2018;phytocentric&#x2019; perspective. Plant and Soil 242: 123&#x2013;135.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mackensen J, Bauhus J, Webber E. 2003. Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris &#x2013; a review with particular emphasis on Australian tree species. Australian Journal of Botany 51: 27&#x2013;37.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Manzoni S, Chakrawal A, Spohn M, Lindahl BD. 2021. Modeling microbial adaptations to nutrient limitation during litter decomposition. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 4: 686945.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Manzoni S, Jackson RB, Trofymow JA, Porporato A. 2008. The global stoichiometry of litter nitrogen mineralization. Science 321: 684&#x2013;686.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Manzoni S, Trofymow JA, Jackson RB, Porporato A. 2010. Stoichiometric controls on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing litter. Ecological Monographs 80: 89&#x2013;106.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>McGuire KL, Treseder KK. 2010. Microbial communities and their relevance for ecosystem models: Decomposition as a case study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 529&#x2013;535.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Meriem S, Tjitrosoedirjo S, Kotowska MM, Hertel D, Triadiati T. 2016. Carbon and nitrogen stocks in dead wood of tropical lowland forests as dependent on wood decay stages and land&#x2010;use intensity. Annals of Forest Research 59: 299&#x2013;310.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Moore TR, Trofymow JA, Prescott CE, Fyles J, Titus BD. 2006. Patterns of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing foliar litter in Canadian forests. Ecosystems 9: 46&#x2013;62.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Palviainen M, Laiho R, M&#xe4;kinen H, Fin&#xe9;r L. 2008. Do decomposing Scots pine, Norway spruce, and silver birch stems retain nitrogen? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: 3047&#x2013;3055.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis SL, Canadell JG et&#xa0;al. 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the World's forests. Science 333: 988&#x2013;993.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Parton W, Silver WL, Burke IC, Grassens L, Harmon ME, Currie WS, King JY, Adair EC, Brandt LA, Hart SC et&#xa0;al. 2007. Global&#x2010;scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long&#x2010;term decomposition. Science 315: 361&#x2013;364.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Pietsch KA, Ogle K, Cornelissen JHC, Cornwell WK, B&#xf6;nisch G, Craine JM, Jackson BG, Kattge J, Peltzer DA, Penuelas J et&#xa0;al. 2014. Global relationship of wood and leaf litter decomposability: the role of functional traits within and across plant organs. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23: 1046&#x2013;1057.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Purahong W, Ji L, Wu Y&#x2010;T. 2024. Community assembly processes of deadwood mycobiome in a tropical forest revealed by long&#x2010;read third&#x2010;generation sequencing. Microbial Ecology 87: 66.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Reidinger S, Ramsey MH, Hartley SE. 2012. Rapid and accurate analyses of silicon and phosphorus in plants using a portable X&#x2010;ray fluorescence spectrometer. New Phytologist 195: 699&#x2013;706.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ricker MC, Lockaby BG, Blosser GD, Conner WH. 2016. Rapid wood decay and nutrient mineralization in an old&#x2010;growth bottomland hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 127: 323&#x2013;338.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Smyth CE, Titus B, Trofymow JA, Moore TR, Preston CM, Prescott CE, the CIDET Working Group. 2016. Patterns of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing wood blocks in Canadian forests. Plant and Soil 409: 459&#x2013;477.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Spohn M, Widdig M. 2017. Turnover of carbon and phosphorus in the microbial biomass depending on phosphorus availability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 113: 53&#x2013;59.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Tu L, Hu H, Chen G, Peng Y, Xiao Y, Hu T, Zhang J, Li X, Liu L, Tang Y. 2014. Nitrogen addition significantly affects forest litter decomposition under high levels of ambient nitrogen deposition. PLoS ONE 9: e88752.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Walker GM, White NA. 2017. Introduction to fungal physiology. In: Fungi. Hoboken NJ, USA: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd, 1&#x2013;35.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Weedon JT, Cornwell WK, Cornelissen JHC, Zanne AE, Wirth C, Coomes DA. 2009. Global meta&#x2010;analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species? Ecology Letters 12: 45&#x2013;56.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Wells J, Boddy L. 1995. Effect of temperature on wood decay and translocation of soil&#x2010;derived phosphorus in mycelial cord systems. New Phytologist 129: 289&#x2013;297.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Wieder WR, Grandy AS, Kallenbach CM, Bonan GB. 2014. Integrating microbial physiology and physio&#x2010;chemical principles in soils with the MIcrobial&#x2010;MIneral Carbon Stabilization (MIMICS) model. Biogeosciences 11: 3899&#x2013;3917.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Wijas BJ, Allison SD, Austin AT, Cornwell WK, Cornelissen JHC, Eggleton P, Fraver S, Ooi MKJ, Powell JR, Woodall CW et&#xa0;al. 2024. The role of deadwood in the carbon cycle: implications for models, forest management, and future climates. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 55: 133&#x2013;155.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Zanne AE, Abarenkov K, Afkhami ME, Aguilar&#x2010;Trigueros CA, Bates S, Bhatnagar JM, Busby PE, Christian N, Cornwell WK, Crowther TW et&#xa0;al. 2020. Fungal functional ecology: bringing a trait&#x2010;based approach to plant&#x2010;associated fungi. Biological Reviews 95: 409&#x2013;433.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Zechmeister&#x2010;Boltenstern S, Keiblinger KM, Mooshammer M, Pe&#xf1;uelas J, Richter A, Sardans J, Wanek W. 2015. The application of ecological stoichiometry to plant&#x2013;microbial&#x2013;soil organic matter transformations. Ecological Monographs 85: 133&#x2013;155.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Zhang J, Elser JJ. 2017. Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphorus stoichiometry in fungi: a meta&#x2010;analysis. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 1281.</Citation></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle></PubmedArticleSet>trying2...<BR>

<!DOCTYPE html>
  <html dir="ltr" lang="en">
  <head>
    <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) -->
    <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-442WFVFXCC"></script>
    <script>
      window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
      function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
      gtag('js', new Date());
    
      gtag('config', 'G-442WFVFXCC');
    </script>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"601503912",accountID:"4767844",trustKey:"4767844",xpid:"UAEBVl5XDBAFXFhUBAEPVFI=",licenseKey:"NRJS-750ae8097b9f1344f1a",applicationID:"589630826"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.277.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
(()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.277.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>E,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,E="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const T=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return T.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>T.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:T,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();T||(x=L.init,T=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),T.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(T.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,T);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[T.beacon,T.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var T="api-",A=T+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(T,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),E(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(T,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(T,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(T,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(T,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(T,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.277.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.277.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-AgX6f6qOxyV4l/Fg8saiNsK37oY3qvFRTOkwua+LDBTL7KUv+eoUSnunEaP3OvjJ1ZiSn43xQyjf9TWbqq8FVQ==",249:"sha512-43TwsElpnwfBCx+EERv4zX5fDsbQLB0w+NTEOt/flpNK9wKjMch+SQIUgLVqaF8jJt5qUeNPsDi/Zk+jgt3SLw==",212:"sha512-/Y+2vKPi087MH5FY89Cw9ahyQ2qnbVj7M2MganYRhmEg4Xos9v/cFPZviY2a1m17D9zpXkOtPsycYXk2AV0huA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.277.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.277.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),E=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,E.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,E.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,E.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,E.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,E.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,E.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ee,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,E.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,E.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,E.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,E.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,E.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,E.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,E.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,E.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,E.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,E.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,E.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,E.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,E.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script>
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  <meta name="keywords" content="">
  <meta name="description" content="LitMetric - Explore Scientific Literature">
  <!-- css file -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/bootstrap.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/ace-responsive-menu.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/menu.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/fontawesome.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/flaticon.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/bootstrap-select.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/ud-custom-spacing.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/animate.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/jquery-ui.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/style.css?v=1.28">
  <!-- Responsive stylesheet -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.litmetric.com/css/responsive.css">
  <!-- Title -->
    <title>Chemical composition, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-free radical properties of six extracts from Lebanese Trigonella berythea Boiss. | LitMetric</title>
  <!-- Favicon -->
  <link href="https://www.litmetric.com/images/favicon.ico?v=1.1" sizes="128x128" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
  <link href="https://www.litmetric.com/images/favicon.ico?v=1.1" sizes="128x128" rel="shortcut icon" />
  <!-- Apple Touch Icon -->
  <link href="https://www.litmetric.com/images/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png?v=1.1" sizes="60x60" rel="apple-touch-icon">
  <link href="https://www.litmetric.com/images/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?v=1.1" sizes="72x72" rel="apple-touch-icon">
  <link href="https://www.litmetric.com/images/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?v=1.1" sizes="114x114" rel="apple-touch-icon">
  <link href="https://www.litmetric.com/images/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?v=1.1" sizes="180x180" rel="apple-touch-icon">
  
  <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js for IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
  <!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file:// -->
  <!--[if lt IE 9]>
  <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
  <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
  <![endif]-->

  </head>
  <body>
  <div class="wrapper ovh">
 <!--   <div class="preloader"></div> -->
    
    <!-- Main Header Nav -->
    <header class="header-nav nav-innerpage-style main-menu">
      <!-- Ace Responsive Menu -->
      <nav class="posr"> 
        <div class="container-fluid posr menu_bdrt1">
          <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between">
            <div class="col-auto pe-0">
              <div class="d-flex align-items-center">
        <a class="header-logo bdrr1 pr30 pr5-xl" href="https://www.litmetric.com/home"><img src="https://www.litmetric.com/images/header-logo-dark.png" alt="LitMetric"></a>
                <div class="home1_style">
                  <div id="mega-menu">
                    <a class="btn-mega fw500" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories"><span class="pl30 pl10-xl pr5 fz15 vam flaticon-menu"></span>Article  Categories</a>
                    
               <ul class="menu ps-0"><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Allergy+and+Immunology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Allergy and Immunology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Cardiology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Cardiology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Clinical+Procedures"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Clinical Procedures</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Critical+Care"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Critical Care</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Dermatology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Dermatology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Emergency+Medicine"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Emergency Medicine</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Endocrinology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Endocrinology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Gastroenterology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Gastroenterology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Genomic+Medicine"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Genomic Medicine</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Hematology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Hematology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Infectious+Diseases"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Infectious Diseases</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Nephrology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Nephrology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Neurology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Neurology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Obstetrics+and+Gynecology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Obstetrics and Gynecology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Oncology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Oncology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Pathology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Pathology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Perioperative+Care"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Perioperative Care</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Physical+Medicine+and+Rehabilitation"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Physical & Rehabilitation</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Psychiatry"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Psychiatry</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Pulmonology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Pulmonology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Radiology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Radiology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Rheumatology"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Rheumatology</span> </a>
                   </li><li> <a class="dropdown" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Sports+Medicine"> <span class="menu-icn flaticon-badge"></span>
               <span class="menu-title">Sports Medicine</span> </a>
                   </li></ul>
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="col-auto">
              <div class="d-flex align-items-center">
                <!-- Responsive Menu Structure-->
                <ul id="respMenu" class="ace-responsive-menu" data-menu-style="horizontal">
                 
                
                <li> <a class="list-item" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories">Browse Categories</a></li>
                <li> <a class="list-item" href="https://www.litmetric.com/drugs">Browse Drugs</a></li>
                <li> <a class="list-item" href="https://www.litmetric.com/journals">Browse Journals</a></li>
           <!--     <li> <a class="list-item" href="https://www.litmetric.com/authors">Browse Authors</a></li>-->
                </ul>
                <a class="login-info bdrl1 pl15-lg pl30" data-bs-toggle="modal" href="#exampleModalToggle" role="button"><span class="flaticon-loupe"></span></a>
                <div class="login-info mx15-lg mx30" class="login-info mr15-lg mr30"></div>
 <!--
                <a class="login-info mx15-lg mx30" class="login-info mr15-lg mr30" href="page-login.html">Sign in</a>
                <a class="ud-btn btn-thm add-joining" href="page-register.html">Join</a>
                
              -->
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </nav>
    </header>



            
            <!-- Search Modal -->
            <div class="search-modal">
              
              <form action="https://www.litmetric.com/search" method="post" >
              <div class="modal fade" id="exampleModalToggle" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="exampleModalToggleLabel" tabindex="-1">
                <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg">
                  <div class="modal-content">
                    <div class="modal-header">
                      <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalToggleLabel"></h5>
                      <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><i class="fal fa-xmark"></i></button>
                    </div>
                    <div class="modal-body">
                      <div class="popup-search-field search_area">
                        <input type="text" class="form-control border-0" placeholder="Article title or keywords" name="searchterm" >
                        <label><span class="far fa-magnifying-glass"></span></label>
                        <button class="ud-btn btn-thm" type="submit">Search</button>
                       
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              </form>
            </div>
            
            <div class="hiddenbar-body-ovelay"></div>
            
       <!-- Mobile Nav  -->
<div id="page" class="mobilie_header_nav stylehome1">
  <div class="mobile-menu">
    <div class="header bdrb1">
      <div class="menu_and_widgets">
        <div class="mobile_menu_bar d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center">
          <a class="mobile_logo" href="https://www.litmetric.com/"><img src="https://www.litmetric.com/images/header-logo-dark.png" alt=""></a>
          <div class="right-side text-end">
            
              <a class="" href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories">Browse Categories</a>



            <a class="menubar ml30" href="#menu"><img src="https://www.litmetric.com/images/mobile-dark-nav-icon.svg" alt=""></a>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="posr"><div class="mobile_menu_close_btn"><span class="far fa-times"></span></div></div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <!-- /.mobile-menu -->
  <nav id="menu" class="">
    <ul>
      <li><span><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories">Browse Categories</a></span>
        <ul>
	        <li><a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Allergy+and+Immunology">Allergy and Immunology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Clinical+Procedures">Clinical Procedures</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Critical+Care">Critical Care</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Emergency+Medicine">Emergency Medicine</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Genomic+Medicine">Genomic Medicine</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Hematology">Hematology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Infectious+Diseases">Infectious Diseases</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Neurology">Neurology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Obstetrics+and+Gynecology">Obstetrics and Gynecology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Oncology">Oncology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Pathology">Pathology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Perioperative+Care">Perioperative Care</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Physical+Medicine+and+Rehabilitation">Physical & Rehabilitation</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Radiology">Radiology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li>
	        <li> <a  href="https://www.litmetric.com/categories/Sports+Medicine">Sports Medicine</a></li>
	        </ul>
                   
      </li>
      <li><span><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/journals">Browse Journals</a></span>
      <ul>
	        <li></li>
	        </ul>
	        
      </li>
      <!-- Only for Mobile View -->
    </ul>
  </nav>
</div>


 
        
        
         
            <div class="body_content bgc-thm3">
              
               
     
              <!-- Breadcumb Sections -->
              <section class="breadcumb-section">
                <div class="container">
                  <div class="row">
                     
                                  
                  </div>
                </div>
              </section>
              
   
                        

  
           
   <!-- Breadcumb Sections -->
   <section class="breadcumb-section pt-0">
     <div class="cta-service-v1 freelancer-single-style mx-auto maxw1700 pt20 pt60-sm pb20 pb60-sm bdrs16 position-relative overflow-hidden d-flex align-items-center mx20-lg px30-lg" style="height:auto">
       <img class="left-top-img wow zoomIn" src="https://www.litmetric.com/images/vector-img/left-top.png" alt="">
       <img class="right-bottom-img wow zoomIn" src="https://www.litmetric.com/images/vector-img/right-bottom.png" alt="">
       <div class="container">
         <div class="row wow fadeInUp">
           <div class="col-xl-9">
             <div class="position-relative">
               <h2><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/24191321/Chemical-composition-in-vitro-cytotoxicity-and-anti-free-radical-properties-of-six-extracts-from-Leb" >Chemical composition, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-free radical properties of six extracts from Lebanese Trigonella berythea Boiss.</a></h2>
               <div class="list-meta d-sm-flex align-items-center mt15">
             
                 <div class="ml5 ml0-xs">
                <div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Hussein+Farhan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Hussein Farhan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Hassan+Rammal" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Hassan Rammal</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Akram+Hijazi" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Akram Hijazi</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Houssein+Annan" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Houssein Annan</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Ahmad+Daher" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Ahmad Daher</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Mohamad+Reda" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Mohamad Reda</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Bassam+Badran" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Bassam Badran</a></div>                   
                    <p class="mb-0 dark-color fz15 fw500 list-inline-item ml15 mb5-sm ml0-xs"><i class="flaticon-contract vam fz20 me-2"></i> Pak J Pharm Sci</p>
              
                   <p class="mb-0 dark-color fz15 fw500 list-inline-item mr15  mb5-sm ml0-xs"><i class="flaticon-place text-thm2 vam fz20 me-2"></i> Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/Lebanese+University%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>Lebanese University</a>, Lebanon.</p>
                    
                     
                   <p class="mb-0 dark-color fz15 fw500 list-inline-item ml15 mb5-sm ml0-xs"><i class="flaticon-calendar vam fz20 me-2"></i> Published: November 2013</p>
                                    </div>
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
     </div>
   </section>
   
   
   
   <!-- Service Details -->
   <section class="pt10 pb90 pb30-md">
     <div class="container">
      
        
        
       <div class="row wow fadeInUp">
	         
         <div class="col-lg-8">
                                     
                                       

                     <div class="service-about">
                       <div class="p30 bdr1 mb30 bg-white bdrs12 wow fadeInUp default-box-shadow1">
                          
                          
                          
                          
                                                            
                                
                   <p class="text mb30"><p class="text mt10">This study represents an original work aimed to recognize the main constitution of Trigonella berythea. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of leaves and stems of T. berythea have been estimated. An extraction and purification of phenolic mixture compounds from the leaves and stems of this plant have been performed and their antioxidant potential using the DPPH, H2O2 and chelating of ferrous ions tests has been evaluated. Then, their cytotoxicity on the MCF7 breast cancer cell line by the XTT Cell Viability technique has been studied. Our results demonstrated that leaves of T. berythea had higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid content than stems. On the other hand, the six extract from leaves and stems of this plant demonstrated a high antioxidant potential reaches more than 80%. Also, extracts from leaves of T. berythea had the highest inhibitory effect on MCF7 and U937 cell growth than that of stems. This inhibition was more than 60% for all extracts. These results provide new insight into the health functions of leaves and stems and demonstrate that T. berythea extracts can potentially have health benefits.</p><table class="table table-bordered table-striped downloadTable" >
							 <thead >
                            <tr> 								
								<th ><h3>Download full-text PDF</h3></th>
								<th >Source</th>								
							</tr></thead>
					
						<tbody></tbody></table><div class="publication-dtl-rgt fr"><div class="publication-social"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/24191321" target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "facebook", "share", "article");' title="" class="fb socialShare" id="fb-a-24191321"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a> 
                    
                      <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Full+Article+on+PubFacts%3A&url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/24191321&via=pubfacts_com" target="_blank"  onClick='ga("send", "event", "twitter", "share", "article");' title="" class="tw socialShare" id="tw-a-24191321"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a>
					 
					 
					 <a  href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/24191321&amp;title=Chemical+composition%2C+in+vitro+cytotoxicity+and+anti-free+radical+properties+of+six+extracts+from+Lebanese+Trigonella+berythea+Boiss.&amp;summary=Article+Summary+on+PubFacts.com"  target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "linkedin", "share", "article");' title="" class="in socialShare" id="in-a-24191321"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></div><div class="row" ><div class="pubfacts-artical-heading right-head" style="margin-bottom:30px; margin-top:30px; " >
      <h2 style="padding-bottom:5px">Publication Analysis</h2>
    </div> <div class="col-md-12"> <h4>Top Keywords</h4> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">leaves stems</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 100%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="100" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">16</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">trigonella berythea</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">total phenolic</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">phenolic content</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">content total</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">total flavonoid</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">flavonoid content</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">stems plant</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">antioxidant potential</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div> <div class="review-list d-flex align-items-center mb10">
										  <div class="list-number">leaves berythea</div>
										   <div class="progress">
											   <div class="progress-bar" style="width: 50%;" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="50" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div>
										   </div>
										   <div class="value text-end">8</div>
										   </div></div></div></div></div></p>
                     
                       </div>
                       
                  
                    <a name="similarPublications"></a>  
                       <div class="p30 pb0 bdr1 mb30 bg-white bdrs12 wow fadeInUp default-box-shadow1">
                       <h4 class="mb30">Similar Publications</h4>
                       
                              
                      
                        <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-12" >
				<div class="freelancer-style1 bdr1 bdrs12 hover-box-shadow row ms-0 align-items-lg-center">
				  <div class="col-lg-12 ps-0">
					<div class="d-lg-flex">
					  <div class="thumb w60 position-relative rounded-circle mb15-md">
					
						
						<i class="flaticon-document text-thm2 pe-2 vam" style="font-size: 60px;"></i>
					  </div>
					  <div class="details ml15 ml0-md mb15-md">
						<h4 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39728160/Patient-Experience-and-Wound-Healing-Outcomes-Using-Different-Palatal-Protection-Methods-After-Free-">Patient Experience and Wound Healing Outcomes Using Different Palatal Protection Methods After Free Gingival Grafts: A Systematic Review.</a></h4>
						<p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> J Funct Biomater</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> November 2024</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-place fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/Pomeranian+Medical+University+in+Szczecin%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin</a>, 71-111 Szczecin, Poland.</p><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Tomasz+Jankowski" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Tomasz Jankowski</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Agnieszka+Jankowska" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Agnieszka Jankowska</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Mirona+Palczewska-Komsa" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Mirona Palczewska-Komsa</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Maciej+Jedlinski" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Maciej Jedliński</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Wojciech+Kazimierczak" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Wojciech Kazimierczak</a></div></div>
					</div><p class="text mt10">(1) Background: A free gingival graft (FGG) is a common technique used to reconstruct or enhance the area of keratinized mucosa, while a connective tissue graft (CTG) is utilized to boost soft tissue thickness, thereby promoting stability in interproximal marginal bone levels. Most reported complications following FGG procedure are associated with the donor site. In addition to a painful, open wound in the palate, the most frequent complications linked to FGG harvesting include excessive bleeding, postoperative bone exposure, and recurrent herpes lesions.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39728160/Patient-Experience-and-Wound-Healing-Outcomes-Using-Different-Palatal-Protection-Methods-After-Free-" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div><div class="publication-dtl-rgt fr"><div class="reads" ><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39728160/Patient-Experience-and-Wound-Healing-Outcomes-Using-Different-Palatal-Protection-Methods-After-Free-#similarPublications" class="text-decoration-underline">Similar Publications</a></div><div class="publication-social"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39728160" target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "facebook", "share", "article");' title="" class="fb socialShare" id="fb-a-39728160"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a> 
                    
                      <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Full+Article+on+PubFacts%3A&url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39728160&via=pubfacts_com" target="_blank"  onClick='ga("send", "event", "twitter", "share", "article");' title="" class="tw socialShare" id="tw-a-39728160"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a>
					 
					 
					 <a  href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39728160&amp;title=Patient+Experience+and+Wound+Healing+Outcomes+Using+Different+Palatal+Protection+Methods+After+Free+Gingival+Grafts%3A+A+Systematic+Review.&amp;summary=Article+Summary+on+PubFacts.com"  target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "linkedin", "share", "article");' title="" class="in socialShare" id="in-a-39728160"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6 col-lg-12" >
				<div class="freelancer-style1 bdr1 bdrs12 hover-box-shadow row ms-0 align-items-lg-center">
				  <div class="col-lg-12 ps-0">
					<div class="d-lg-flex">
					  <div class="thumb w60 position-relative rounded-circle mb15-md">
					
						
						<i class="flaticon-document text-thm2 pe-2 vam" style="font-size: 60px;"></i>
					  </div>
					  <div class="details ml15 ml0-md mb15-md">
						<h4 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39725603/First-Report-of-Leaf-Spot-Caused-by-on-Invasive-Weed-in-Korea">First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by  on Invasive Weed  in Korea.</a></h4>
						<p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Plant Dis</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> December 2024</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-place fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i>  <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/Korea+University%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>Korea University</a>, Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Seoul, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of), 02841; </p><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/In-Young+Choi" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">In-Young Choi</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Bora+Nam" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Bora Nam</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Young-Joon+Choi" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Young-Joon Choi</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Seong-Jin+Lee" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Seong-Jin Lee</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Hyeon-Dong+Shin" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Hyeon-Dong Shin</a></div></div>
					</div><p class="text mt10">Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., known as sticky mouse-ear chickweed, is native to Europe and has become naturalized in the wild on most continents. After its accidental introduction to Korea around the 1980s, it quickly became one of the dominant invasive weeds on the Korean peninsula and is now considered a significant threat to the Korean agroecosystem (Park et al.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39725603/First-Report-of-Leaf-Spot-Caused-by-on-Invasive-Weed-in-Korea" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div><div class="publication-dtl-rgt fr"><div class="reads" ><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39725603/First-Report-of-Leaf-Spot-Caused-by-on-Invasive-Weed-in-Korea#similarPublications" class="text-decoration-underline">Similar Publications</a></div><div class="publication-social"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39725603" target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "facebook", "share", "article");' title="" class="fb socialShare" id="fb-a-39725603"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a> 
                    
                      <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Full+Article+on+PubFacts%3A&url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39725603&via=pubfacts_com" target="_blank"  onClick='ga("send", "event", "twitter", "share", "article");' title="" class="tw socialShare" id="tw-a-39725603"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a>
					 
					 
					 <a  href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39725603&amp;title=First+Report+of+Leaf+Spot+Caused+by++on+Invasive+Weed++in+Korea.&amp;summary=Article+Summary+on+PubFacts.com"  target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "linkedin", "share", "article");' title="" class="in socialShare" id="in-a-39725603"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6 col-lg-12" >
				<div class="freelancer-style1 bdr1 bdrs12 hover-box-shadow row ms-0 align-items-lg-center">
				  <div class="col-lg-12 ps-0">
					<div class="d-lg-flex">
					  <div class="thumb w60 position-relative rounded-circle mb15-md">
					
						
						<i class="flaticon-document text-thm2 pe-2 vam" style="font-size: 60px;"></i>
					  </div>
					  <div class="details ml15 ml0-md mb15-md">
						<h4 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39723434/Hope-is-Not-a-Strategy-Key-Lessons-from-COVID-19-for-Future-Health-Crises">Hope is Not a Strategy: Key Lessons from COVID-19 for Future Health Crises.</a></h4>
						<p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Risk Manag Healthc Policy</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> December 2024</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-place fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> Psychiatry, <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/Aalborg+University+Hospital%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>Aalborg University Hospital</a>, Aalborg, Denmark.</p><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Soeren+Valgreen+Knudsen" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Søren Valgreen Knudsen</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Inge+Kristensen" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Inge Kristensen</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Nanna+Kure-Biegel" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Nanna Kure-Biegel</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Mickael+Bech" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Mickael Bech</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Hanne+Agerbak" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Hanne Agerbak</a></div></div>
					</div><p class="text mt10"><em>Introduction</em>: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global economies, social structures, and public health systems. However, Denmark stood out as an exception, maintaining steady life expectancy during this period. This raises important questions about the factors that strengthened the Danish healthcare system and society against the pandemic's challenges.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39723434/Hope-is-Not-a-Strategy-Key-Lessons-from-COVID-19-for-Future-Health-Crises" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div><div class="publication-dtl-rgt fr"><div class="reads" ><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39723434/Hope-is-Not-a-Strategy-Key-Lessons-from-COVID-19-for-Future-Health-Crises#similarPublications" class="text-decoration-underline">Similar Publications</a></div><div class="publication-social"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39723434" target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "facebook", "share", "article");' title="" class="fb socialShare" id="fb-a-39723434"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a> 
                    
                      <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Full+Article+on+PubFacts%3A&url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39723434&via=pubfacts_com" target="_blank"  onClick='ga("send", "event", "twitter", "share", "article");' title="" class="tw socialShare" id="tw-a-39723434"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a>
					 
					 
					 <a  href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39723434&amp;title=Hope+is+Not+a+Strategy%3A+Key+Lessons+from+COVID-19+for+Future+Health+Crises.&amp;summary=Article+Summary+on+PubFacts.com"  target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "linkedin", "share", "article");' title="" class="in socialShare" id="in-a-39723434"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6 col-lg-12" >
				<div class="freelancer-style1 bdr1 bdrs12 hover-box-shadow row ms-0 align-items-lg-center">
				  <div class="col-lg-12 ps-0">
					<div class="d-lg-flex">
					  <div class="thumb w60 position-relative rounded-circle mb15-md">
					
						
						<i class="flaticon-document text-thm2 pe-2 vam" style="font-size: 60px;"></i>
					  </div>
					  <div class="details ml15 ml0-md mb15-md">
						<h4 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722263/Structural-and-functional-characterization-of-genes-and-enzymes-involved-in-withanolide-biosynthesis">Structural and functional characterization of genes and enzymes involved in withanolide biosynthesis in Physalis alkekengi L.</a></h4>
						<p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> Steroids</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> December 2024</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-place fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/University+of+Jammu%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>University of Jammu</a>, Jammu 180006, India. Electronic address: </p><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Swati+Gupta" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Swati Gupta</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Bashir+Akhlaq+Akhoon" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Bashir Akhlaq Akhoon</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Deepak+Sharma" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Deepak Sharma</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Deepika+Singh" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Deepika Singh</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Sanjana+Kaul" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Sanjana Kaul</a></div></div>
					</div><p class="text mt10">Physalis alkekengi L. is recognized as a significant source of various secondary metabolites, particularly c28 steroidal lactones known as withanolides and physalins, renowned for their therapeutic properties with a rich history in traditional medicine. In this study, we characterized the sequences of key downstream genes (PaFPPS, PaSQS, PaSQE, PaCAS, PaHYD1, and PaDWF5-1) involved in the biosynthesis of withanolides, marking the first characterization of these genes in P.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722263/Structural-and-functional-characterization-of-genes-and-enzymes-involved-in-withanolide-biosynthesis" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div><div class="publication-dtl-rgt fr"><div class="reads" ><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722263/Structural-and-functional-characterization-of-genes-and-enzymes-involved-in-withanolide-biosynthesis#similarPublications" class="text-decoration-underline">Similar Publications</a></div><div class="publication-social"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722263" target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "facebook", "share", "article");' title="" class="fb socialShare" id="fb-a-39722263"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a> 
                    
                      <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Full+Article+on+PubFacts%3A&url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722263&via=pubfacts_com" target="_blank"  onClick='ga("send", "event", "twitter", "share", "article");' title="" class="tw socialShare" id="tw-a-39722263"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a>
					 
					 
					 <a  href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722263&amp;title=Structural+and+functional+characterization+of+genes+and+enzymes+involved+in+withanolide+biosynthesis+in+Physalis+alkekengi+L.&amp;summary=Article+Summary+on+PubFacts.com"  target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "linkedin", "share", "article");' title="" class="in socialShare" id="in-a-39722263"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-6 col-lg-12" >
				<div class="freelancer-style1 bdr1 bdrs12 hover-box-shadow row ms-0 align-items-lg-center">
				  <div class="col-lg-12 ps-0">
					<div class="d-lg-flex">
					  <div class="thumb w60 position-relative rounded-circle mb15-md">
					
						
						<i class="flaticon-document text-thm2 pe-2 vam" style="font-size: 60px;"></i>
					  </div>
					  <div class="details ml15 ml0-md mb15-md">
						<h4 class="title mb-3"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722211/Faster-than-expected-release-of-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-from-decomposing-woody-litter">Faster than expected: release of nitrogen and phosphorus from decomposing woody litter.</a></h4>
						<p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1"></i> New Phytol</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-calendar fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 bdrl1 pl15 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i> December 2024</p><p class="mb-0 fz14 list-inline-item mb5-sm pe-1"><i class="flaticon-place fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1 pl0-xs bdrn-xs"></i>  <a href='https://www.litmetric.com/search/Cary+Institute+of+Ecosystem+Studies%5BAffiliation%5D' style='text-decoration: underline'>Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies</a>, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.</p><div class="publication-auther"><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Baptiste+J+Wijas" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Baptiste J Wijas</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/William+K+Cornwell" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">William K Cornwell</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Brad+Oberle" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Brad Oberle</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Jeff+R+Powell" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Jeff R Powell</a> <a href="https://www.litmetric.com/author/Amy+E+Zanne" class="tag" style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Amy E Zanne</a></div></div>
					</div><p class="text mt10">Deadwood represents globally important carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) pools. Current wood nutrient dynamics models are extensions of those developed for leaf litter decomposition. However, tissue structure and dominant decomposers differ between leaf and woody litter, and recent evidence suggests that decomposer stoichiometry, in combination with litter quality, may affect nutrient release.</p><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722211/Faster-than-expected-release-of-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-from-decomposing-woody-litter" class="ud-btn btn-thm mb25 me-4 "><i class="flaticon-contract fz16 vam text-thm2 me-1" style="color:white"></i> View Article and Find Full Text PDF <i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></a><div class="skill-tags d-flex align-items-center justify-content-start mb20-md"></div><div class="publication-dtl-rgt fr"><div class="reads" ><a href="https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722211/Faster-than-expected-release-of-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-from-decomposing-woody-litter#similarPublications" class="text-decoration-underline">Similar Publications</a></div><div class="publication-social"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722211" target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "facebook", "share", "article");' title="" class="fb socialShare" id="fb-a-39722211"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a> 
                    
                      <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Full+Article+on+PubFacts%3A&url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722211&via=pubfacts_com" target="_blank"  onClick='ga("send", "event", "twitter", "share", "article");' title="" class="tw socialShare" id="tw-a-39722211"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a>
					 
					 
					 <a  href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.litmetric.com/detail/39722211&amp;title=Faster+than+expected%3A+release+of+nitrogen+and+phosphorus+from+decomposing+woody+litter.&amp;summary=Article+Summary+on+PubFacts.com"  target="_blank" onClick='ga("send", "event", "linkedin", "share", "article");' title="" class="in socialShare" id="in-a-39722211"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a></div></div></div></div></div>           
           </div>
           
                      
           
           
           
         </div>

                          
                        
                  <div class="col-lg-4">

                        
                     <div class="contact-page-form default-box-shadow1 bdrs8 bdr1 p50 mb30-md bgc-white">
              <h4 class="form-title mb25">Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?</h4>
              <p class="text mb30">Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!</p>
	              <form class="form-style1" action="https://www.litmetric.com/emailsignup" method="post" id="signupForm">
      
      
                <div class="row">
                  <div class="col-md-12">
                    <div class="mb20">
                      <label class="heading-color ff-heading fw500 mb10" for="">Search Type</label>
                     <div class="bootselect-multiselect">
                  <select class="selectpicker" data-width="100%" name="queryType">
                    <option value="keyword">Keyword</option>
                    <option value="author name">Author Name</option>
                  </select>
                </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                  <div class="col-md-12">
                    <div class="mb20">
                      <label class="heading-color ff-heading fw500 mb10" for="">Terms to search for</label>
                                     <input name="terms" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="cellular transport">
                    </div>
                  </div>
            
                  <div class="col-md-12">
                    <div class="">
              
                      	          <input type="hidden" name="emailSignup" id="emailSignup" value="true">
            <button class="ud-btn btn-thm" type="submit">Review and Schedule<i class="fal fa-arrow-right-long"></i></button>
            
            
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </form>
            </div>
                        
            
                </div>
                     
               
                
               
               
               
                
     </div>
   </section>
   
   



            
   
  
    
    

    <!-- Our Footer --> 
    <section class="footer-style1 pt25 pb-0">
      <div class="container">
        <div class="row  pb10">
          <div class="col-md-7">
            <div class="d-block text-center text-md-start justify-content-center justify-content-md-start d-md-flex align-items-center mb-3 mb-md-0">
              <a class="fz17 fw500 text-white mr15-md mr30" href="https://www.litmetric.com/privacypolicy">Privacy Policy</a>
              <a class="fz17 fw500 text-white" href="https://www.litmetric.com/sitemap">Site Map</a>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="col-md-5">
            <div class="social-widget text-center text-md-end">
              <div class="social-style1">
                <a class="text-white me-2 fw500 fz17" href="mailto:info@litmetric.com">Contact Us</a>
                <!--
                <a href=""><i class="fab fa-facebook-f list-inline-item"></i></a>
                <a href=""><i class="fab fa-twitter list-inline-item"></i></a>
                <a href=""><i class="fab fa-instagram list-inline-item"></i></a>
                <a href=""><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in list-inline-item"></i></a>
              -->
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
              </div>
      <div class="container white-bdrt1 py-4">
        <div class="row align-items-center">
          <div class="col-md-12">
            <div class="text-center text-lg-start">
              <p class="copyright-text mb-2 mb-md-0 text-white-light ff-heading">© LitMetric 2024. All rights reserved.</p>
            </div>
          </div>
    
        </div>
      </div>
    </section>
    <a class="scrollToHome" href="#"><i class="fas fa-angle-up"></i></a>
  </div>
</div>
<!-- Wrapper End --> 
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/jquery-3.6.4.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/jquery-migrate-3.0.0.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/jquery.mmenu.all.js"></script>
  
  

<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/ace-responsive-menu.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/jquery-scrolltofixed-min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/wow.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/scrollbalance.js"></script>
<!-- Custom script for all pages --> 
<script src="https://www.litmetric.com/js/script.js?v=1.47"></script>
</body>
</html>

      <script type="text/javascript">  
	    
	    
	    
	      


      

      

      
    
    
</script>

<script>
//  Fixed sidebar Custom Script For That 
$(function() {
  var cols = $('.wrap .column');
  var enabled = true;
  var scrollbalance = new ScrollBalance(cols, {
    minwidth: 1199
  });
  // bind to scroll and resize events
  scrollbalance.bind();
}); 



</script>




<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-750ae8097b9f1344f1a","applicationID":"589630826","transactionName":"ZVZbN0FZXEtUAENfV1wcbBFaF1tWUQZPGEhaQw==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":971,"atts":"SRFYQQlDT0U=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body>
</html>