The U(1) gauge-Higgs model with two flavors of opposite charge and a chemical potential is mapped exactly to a dual representation where matter fields correspond to loops of flux and the gauge fields are represented by surfaces. The complex action problem of the conventional formulation at finite chemical potential μ is overcome in the dual representation, and the partition sum has only real and nonzero contributions. We simulate the model in the dual representation using a generalized worm algorithm, explore the phase diagram, and study condensation phenomena at finite μ.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.141601 | DOI Listing |
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