This article summarises child abuse as a global problem of increasing breadth and complexity. It reviews the development of procedures for prosecuting alleged abusers and treating complainants appropriately in the course of investigations, medical examinations and court hearings. It contrasts the diverse environments of the UK, Tajikistan and Tanzania. The author draws on his experience of practising criminal law since 1984 in England and Wales and working as a consultant in 2011 with the Girls Support Service in Tajikistan, a European-and UN-funded NGO, and with UNICEF in Tanzania in 2012.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2046905513Y.0000000094 | DOI Listing |
J Infect Dis
November 2024
Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Background: Rotavirus vaccines are moderately protective against illness in high mortality settings compared with low mortality settings. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) evaluations may clarify our understanding of these disparities, but estimates among key subpopulations and against rare outcomes are not available in many analyses due to sample size. We combined 25 datasets from test-negative design case-control evaluations in 24 countries that enrolled children with medically-attended diarrhea, laboratory-confirmed rotavirus stool testing, and documented vaccination status.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: In 2004, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), with CDC as a major U.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVaccine
November 2022
Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Rotavirus vaccination has been shown to reduce rotavirus burden in many countries, but the long-term magnitude of vaccine impacts is unclear, particularly in low-income countries. We use a transmission model to estimate the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from 2006 to 2034 for 112 low- and middle-income countries. We also explore the predicted effectiveness of a one- vs two- dose series and the relative contribution of direct vs indirect effects to overall impacts.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
September 2022
College of Economics and Management, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
In Tajikistan, owning beef cattle is an important survival mechanism for smallholder farmers to alleviate poverty. Therefore, beef cattle farming enterprises should indeed strive to maximize profit to excel and flourish in a free economy. Nevertheless, smallholder beef cattle farmers are known for making little profit.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVaccine
May 2022
World Health Organization, Tanzania Country Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Vaccines have produced remarkable impact in reducing the global burden of disease. Thanks to Gavi-the Vaccine Alliance, which supports eligible countries to increase access to the new and underused vaccines. Gavi support depends on economic growth, whereby low-income countries contribute 0.
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