Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Microgyria is associated with epilepsy and due to developmental disruption of neuronal migration. However, the role of endogenous subventricular zone-derived neural progenitors (SDNPs) in formation and hyperexcitability has not been fully elucidated. Here, we establish a neonatal cortex freeze-lesion (FL) model, which was considered as a model for focal microgyria, and simultaneously label SDNPs by CM-DiI. Morphological investigation showed that SDNPs migrated into FL and differentiated into neuronal and glia cell types, suggesting the involvement of endogenous SDNPs in the formation of FL-induced microgyria. Patch-clamp recordings in CM-DiI positive (CM-DiI(+)) pyramidal neurons within FL indicated an increase in frequency of spontaneous action potentials, while the resting membrane potential did not differ from the controls. We also found that spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) increased in frequency but not in amplitude compared with controls. The evoked EPSCs showed a significant increase of 10-90% in rise time and decay time in the CM-DiI(+) neurons. Moreover, paired-pulse facilitation was dramatically larger in CM-DiI(+) pyramidal neurons. Western blotting data showed that AMPA and NMDA receptors were increased to some extent in the FL cortex compared with controls, and the NMDA/AMPA ratio of eEPSCs at CM-DiI(+) pyramidal neurons was significantly increased. Taken together, our findings provide novel evidence for the contribution of endogenous SDNPs in the formation and epileptogenicity of FL-induced focal microgyria.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12031-013-0114-5 | DOI Listing |
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