Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
In this study, some depsidones and diaryl ether derivatives isolated from Corynespora cassicola, a fungi endophyte of Gongronema latifolium, were assessed for their anti-inflammatory potentials. The isolated metabolites corynesidone A (1), corynesidone C (2), corynesidone D (3) and corynether A (4) were screened for their effects on tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide (iNO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production by stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Concentration of 1, 2, 3 and 4 up to 100 μM did not remarkably affect the viability of treated macrophages. The compounds were found to cause a concentration-dependent decrease in lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α and iNO in RAW264.7 cells. Pre-treatment with 100 μM of 1, 2, 3 and 4 suppressed iNO by as much as 96.28%, 95.71%, 78.14% and 73.28%; with IC(50) of 8.16, 9.49, 15.29 and 26.52 μM, respectively. Similarly, pre-treatment with 100 μM of 1, 2, 3 and 4 caused an inhibition of 99.17%, 99.59%, 95.02% and 74.07% in the formation of iNO production, respectively, with IC(50) of 1.88, 3.99, 7.48 and 37.22 μM. Treatment of with compounds 1-4 (10, 30 and 100 µM) followed by stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (1 µM) caused significant (p < 0.05) suppression of ROS/RNS-evoked chemiluminescence of luminol by as much as 100.96 ± 1.88%, 98.59 ± 1.38%, 87.35 ± 1.41% and 79.22 ± 0.30%, respectively at 100 µM. The depsidone derivatives (1-4) showed more potent inhibition of TNF-α and NO production and better scavenging ROS/RNS than the diaryl ether derivative (4). These chemical scaffolds can serve as suitable lead molecules for further development into novel anti-inflammatory and/or anti-cancer agents.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2013.834930 | DOI Listing |
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