Convergence of innate immunity and insulin resistance as evidenced by increased nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) expression and signaling in monocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes.

Despite the well known role of nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) receptor proteins in innate immunity, their association with diabetes is less explored. Here we report the transcriptional level of NODs and their downstream molecular signatures in CD14(+) monocytes from subjects with different grades of glucose tolerance. NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA expression were significantly up-regulated in monocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and positively correlated with HOMA-IR and poor glycemic control. Patients with T2DM also exhibited increased monocyte activation markers (CD11b and CD36) and proinflammatory signals downstream of NOD (RIPK2 and NFκB) along with the increased circulatory levels of TNF-α and IL-6. In vitro stimulation of monocytes with NOD specific ligands-i-EDAP and MDP significantly up regulated the mRNA expression of NOD1 and NOD2 respectively in T2DM. Our study exposes up regulation of NODs in monocytes as an important component of inflammation and insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.