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Recent studies on the analysis of the evolutionary relationships between the various taxa of the teleost fishes are based on the evaluation of the efficacy of different approaches, verifying the taxonomical congruence between the hypotheses inferred from molecular data and those from morphological data. The first objective of this study was to investigate the macro- and microscopic characterization of the body key scales for the sixteen Aphanius species, and to discuss their taxonomic significance. In addition, to reveal the phylogenetic origins of particular adaptations and to identify a possible cases of convergent evolution in scales of Aphanius species, we used a phylogenetic character mapping procedure that uses an independent data source, namely molecular data that is presumed to be functionally independent of the scale traits.

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The efficacy of using predators for the biological control of mosquito disease vectors will be reduced if mosquito larvae respond to predator presence. The larvae of two mosquito species were investigated to study whether they responded to predator kairomones by increasing surface filter-feeding, which is a less active and thus less risky feeding strategy than bottom feeding. Culex quinquefasciatus Say is normally found in highly polluted water, where it will have little contact with predators.

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