Needle free parenteral drug delivery: leveraging active transdermal technologies for pediatric use.

Administration of medications via the parenteral route directly to the systemic circulation is an effective way of overcoming the first pass effect, obtaining quicker onset of action, and achieving higher bioavailability. However, needle phobia and the pain perceived during the injection process often make this a less preferred route than oral in terms of patient acceptance and compliance, particularly for pediatrics. Needleless injection technologies that deliver medications via the transdermal interface have been an active area of pharmaceutical research for many years. This review summarizes the various emerging technologies in the area of active transdermal delivery that can be potentially extended to pediatric applications.