Background: Glutaredoxins (Grxs) catalyze the reduction of protein disulfides via the dithiol mechanism and the de-/glutathionylation of substrates via the monothiol mechanism. These rapid, specific, and generally also reversible modifications are part of various signaling cascades regulating for instance cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Even though crucial functions of the conserved, mitochondrial Grx2a and the cytosolic/nuclear Grx2c isoforms have been proposed, only a few substrates have been identified in vitro or in vivo. The significance of redox signaling is emerging, yet a general lack of methods for the time-resolved analysis of these distinct and rapid modifications in vivo constitutes the biggest challenge in the redox signaling field.
Methods And Results: Here, we have identified potential interaction partners for Grx2 isoforms in human HeLa cells and mouse tissues by an intermediate trapping approach. Some of the 50 potential substrates are part of the cytoskeleton or act in protein folding, cellular signaling and metabolism. Part of these interactions were further verified by immunoprecipitation or a newly established 2-D redox blot.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that Grx2 catalyzes both the specific oxidation and the reduction of cysteinyl residues in the same compartment at the same time and without affecting the global cellular thiol-redox state.
General Significance: The knowledge of specific targets will be helpful in understanding the functions of Grx2. The 2-D redox blot may be useful for the analysis of the overall thiol-redox state of proteins with high molecular weight and numerous cysteinyl residues, that evaded analysis by previously described methods.
Structural, functional, and molecular-level changes in the aging heart are influenced by a dynamic interplay between immune signaling and cellular metabolism that is referred to as immunometabolism. This review explores the crosstalk between cellular metabolic pathways including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and the immune processes that govern cardiac aging. With a rapidly aging population that coincides with increased cardiovascular risk and cancer incidence rates, understanding the immunometabolic underpinnings of cardiac aging provides a foundation for identifying therapeutic targets to mitigate cardiac dysfunction.
Nanogold is an emerging material for enhancing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which enables the detection of hazardous analytes at trace levels. This study presents a simple, single-step plasma synthesis method to control the size and yield of Au nanoparticles by using plasma-liquid redox chemistry. The pin-based argon plasma reduces the Au precursor in under 5 min, synthesizing Au spherical particles ranging from ∼20 nm at 0.
State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
The complex composition of real plastic wastes poses a significant challenge for their large-scale disposal. A responsive on-site compositional analysis of plastics is informative in choosing downstream processing methods. Nanocatalyst-based assay kit is highly qualified for this scene; however, there remain no efficient nanocatalysts for plastics due to their highly inert chemistry.
Introduction: Alveolar macrophages (AM) are critical effectors of the immune response and are essential for host responses to . Changes in lipid metabolism in AM can alter cellular function and biology. Impaired metabolism can contribute to excessive lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory signaling.
Drought is a persistent and serious threat to crop yield and quality. The identification and functional characterization of drought tolerance-related genes is thus vital for efforts to support the genetic improvement of drought-tolerant crops. Barley is highly adaptable and renowned for its robust stress resistance, making it an ideal subject for efforts to explore genes related to drought tolerance.
