AI Article Synopsis

  • CXCL13 is a chemokine that helps guide immune cells to lymphoid follicles, and its levels increase in monkey spleen tissues during AIDS, prompting further research.
  • In studies of cynomolgus macaque tissues, researchers found different patterns of CXCL13 mRNA and protein, which changed during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, particularly during AIDS.
  • Additionally, CXCL13 was unexpectedly found in Paneth cells of the small intestine, leading to further examination of other chemokines and antimicrobial peptides expressed by these cells, enhancing our knowledge of immune responses and intestinal health.

Article Abstract

CXCL13 is a constitutively expressed chemokine that controls migration of immune cells to lymphoid follicles. Previously, we found CXCL13 mRNA levels increased in rhesus macaque spleen tissues during AIDS. This led us to examine the levels and locations of CXCL13 by detailed in situ methods in cynomolgus macaque lymphoid and intestinal tissues. Our results revealed that there were distinct localization patterns of CXCL13 mRNA compared to protein in germinal centers. These patterns shifted during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, with increased mRNA expression within and around follicles during AIDS compared to uninfected or acutely infected animals. Unexpectedly, CXCL13 expression was also found in abundance in Paneth cells in crypts throughout the small intestine. Therefore, we expanded our analyses to include chemokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) not previously demonstrated to be expressed by Paneth cells in intestinal tissues. We examined the expression patterns of multiple chemokines, including CCL25, as well as α-defensin 6 (DEFA6), β-defensin 2 (BDEF2), rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1), and Reg3γ in situ in intestinal tissues. Of the 10 chemokines examined, CXCL13 was unique in its expression by Paneth cells. BDEF2, RTD-1, and Reg3γ were also expressed by Paneth cells. BDEF2 and RTD-1 previously have not been shown to be expressed by Paneth cells. These findings expand our understanding of mucosal immunology, innate antimicrobial defenses, homeostatic chemokine function, and host protective mechanisms against microbial translocation.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3754526PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00651-12DOI Listing

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