Pharmacology update in adolescents: contraception and human papillomavirus vaccination.

The ideal contraceptive agent remains elusive for the adolescent population. Contraceptive failure is often caused by inappropriate or inconsistent use, and discontinuation within the first year is not uncommon. Various methods have been explored within the adolescent population to increase efficacy rates, minimize side effects, and prevent unwanted pregnancies. The use of intrauterine devices and continuous use of combined oral contraceptives may lead to greater efficacy because of the ease of use and reduction in menstrual symptoms. Recent literature supports the continued use of medroxyprogesterone for adolescents without time limits, and advances in emergency contraception have increased access and use, but have not affected pregnancy rates. Human papillomavirus infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection and is associated with genital warts and the risk for cervical, penile, anal, and vulvovaginal cancer caused by persistent infection. A quadrivalent vaccine is indicated for both males and females to prevent genital warts and cancer, whereas the bivalent vaccine is indicated only for females and cancer prevention. Vaccination rates remain low among adolescents, and except in Virginia and the District of Columbia, vaccination is not a requirement for school entry. Research is ongoing for a 2-dose vaccine to improve vaccination rates while maintaining efficacy. Education is critical to prevent future infections and enhance vaccination rates.