Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
Cells within connective tissues are routinely subjected to a wide range of non-uniform mechanical loads that regulate many cell behaviors. In the present study, the relationship between cell orientation angle and strain value of the membrane was comprehensively investigated using an inhomogeneous strain field. Additionally, the cellular axial strain threshold, which corresponds to the launching of cell reorientation response, was elucidated. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were used for these experiments. In this study, an inhomogeneous strain distribution was easily created by removing one side holes of an elastic chamber in a commonly used uniaxial stretching device. The strains of 2D stretched membranes were quantified on a position-by-position basis using the digital image correlation method. The normal strain in the direction of stretch was changed continuously from 2.0 to 15.0%. A 3D histogram of the cell frequency, which was correlated with the cell orientation angle and normal strain of the membrane, made it possible to determine the axial strain threshold accurately. The value of the axial strain threshold was 4.4 ± 0.3%, which was reasonable compared with previous studies based on cyclic uniaxial stretch stimulation (homogeneous strain field). Additionally, preferential axial strain of cells, which was a cell property firstly introduced, was also achieved and the value was -2.0 ± 0.1%. This study is novel in three respects: (i) it precisely and easily determined the axial strain threshold of cells; (ii) it is the first to suggest preferential axial strain of cells; and (iii) it methodically investigated cell behavior in an inhomogeneous strain field.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12013-013-9643-3 | DOI Listing |
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