We investigated fitness, military rank and survival of facial phenotypes in large-scale warfare using 795 Finnish soldiers who fought in the Winter War (1939-1940). We measured facial width-to-height ratio-a trait known to predict aggressive behaviour in males-and assessed whether facial morphology could predict survival, lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and social status. We found no difference in survival along the phenotypic gradient, however, wider-faced individuals had greater LRS, but achieved a lower military rank.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730618 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0049 | DOI Listing |
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