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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Host defense systems often rely on direct and indirect pattern recognition to sense the presence of invading pathogens. Patterns can be molecules directly produced by the pathogen or indirectly generated by changes in host parameters as a consequence of infection. Viruses are intracellular pathogens that hijack the cellular machinery to synthesize their own molecules making direct recognition of viral molecules a great challenge. Antiviral systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes commonly exploit aberrant nucleic acid sensing to recognize virus infection as host and viral nucleic acid metabolism can greatly differ. Indeed, the generation of dsRNA is often associated with viral infection. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the mechanisms of viral dsRNA sensing utilized by 2 important antiviral defense systems, RNA interference (RNAi) and the vertebrate immune system. The major viral sensors of the vertebrate immune systems are RIG-like receptors, while RNAi pathways depend on Dicer proteins. These 2 families of sensors share a similar helicase domain with high specificity for dsRNA, which is necessary, but not sufficient for efficient recognition by these receptors. Additional intrinsic features to the dsRNA molecule are also necessary for activation of antiviral systems. Studies utilizing synthetic ligands, in vitro biochemistry and reporter systems have greatly helped increase our knowledge on intrinsic features of dsRNA recognition. However, characteristics such as subcellular localization are extrinsic to the dsRNA itself, but certainly influence the recognition in vivo. Thus, mechanisms of viral dsRNA recognition must address how cellular sensors are recruited to nucleic acids or vice versa. Accessory proteins are likely important for in vivo recognition of extrinsic features of viral RNA, but have mostly remained undiscovered due to the limitations of previous strategies. Hence, the identification of novel components of antiviral systems must take into account the complexities involved in viral recognition in vivo.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2013.0026 | DOI Listing |
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
August 2024
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA.
Background: The effect of initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) class on cancer risk in people with HIV (PWH) remains unclear.
Setting: Cohort study of 36,322 PWH enrolled (1996-2014) in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design.
Methods: We followed individuals from ART initiation (protease inhibitor [PI]-, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI]-, or integrase strand transfer inhibitor [INSTI]-based) until incident cancer, death, loss-to-follow-up, 12/31/2014, 85 months (intention-to-treat analyses [ITT]), or 30 months (per-protocol [PP] analyses).
Heliyon
December 2024
Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
The genus (Rhamnaceae) comprises at least 50 recognized species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. species have been ethnomedicinally used to treat a variety of ailments. Despite their widespread medicinal use, there is no comprehensive documentation that consolidates the ethnobotanical knowledge, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties, and toxicity of species.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Math Biol
December 2024
Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
In addition to non-pharmaceutical interventions, antiviral drugs and vaccination are considered as the optimal solutions to control and eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic. It is necessary to couple within-host and between-host models to investigate the impact of treatment and vaccination. Hence, we propose an age-structured model, where the infection age is used to link the within-host viral dynamics and the disease dynamics at the population level.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Viral Hepat
January 2025
Preventive Medicine Department, Palestinian Ministry of Health, Ramallah, Palestine.
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease that inflicts high health and economic costs on the healthcare system. Poor adherence to treatment increases that cost. We aimed to assess the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among patients in the West Bank, Palestine, and identify factors associated with good adherence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAntiviral Res
December 2024
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Electronic address:
The Ebola virus, a filovirus, has been responsible for significant human fatalities since its discovery. Despite extensive research, effective small-molecule drugs remain elusive due to its complex pathogenesis. Inhibition of RNA synthesis is a promising therapeutic target, and the VP30 protein plays a critical role in this process.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!