Pharmacology of balance and dizziness.

Introduction: Dizziness and vertigo encompass a spectrum of balance-related symptoms caused by a variety of etiologies. Balance is affected by many systems: proprioceptive pathways, and visual, cerebellar, vestibulocochlear, and vascular/vasovagal systems. Treatment includes antihistamines, antiemetics, benzodiazepines, anti-inflammatory, anti-Meniere's, anti-migraine, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and aminopyridines. Many medications may cause these balance-related symptoms. Onset characteristics differ and may be reversible or irreversible. Ototoxic drugs may affect the cochlea, the vestibular system, or both. Medications, whether at "therapeutic" or toxic doses, have a spectrum of side effects, depending on the medication and individual.

Purpose: The section on drugs that treat dizziness and balance deficiencies was divided to elaborate on medications by classes and etiology specific treatment. Drugs with potential to cause balance-related symptoms were chosen to elaborate on specific medical issues encountered in rehabilitation. Background on advantages of certain drugs and methods to minimize adverse effects are reviewed.

Summary: Effective treatment depends on generating an accurate diagnosis, using the appropriate drug, appropriate dosage, and for an appropriate duration. For every medication, there is a spectrum of side effects at "therapeutic" and toxic doses, depending on the medication and individual.

Conclusion: Practitioners must ensure correct diagnoses and cater their treatments to the patients' clinical scenario and medical units' capacities.