Previously we obtained heteroplasmic mice carrying murine and human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Even the fourth generation of such mice had human mtDNA in their organs, hence, they were used to study the possibility of paternal mtDNA transmission. A lineage was obtained in which human mtDNA was transmitted by males to the progeny in four successive generations. This is the first observation of such a continuous paternal transmission of mtDNA. Persistence of paternal mtDNA in several successive generations of animals suggests that mechanisms aimed at elimination of paternally inherited mtDNA species are not as strict as has been postulated.
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