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The cell surface of Trypanosoma brucei, like many protistan blood parasites, is crucial for mediating host-parasite interactions and is instrumental to the initiation, maintenance and severity of infection. Previous comparisons with the related trypanosomatid parasites T. cruzi and Leishmania major suggest that the cell-surface proteome of T. brucei is largely taxon-specific. Here we compare genes predicted to encode cell surface proteins of T. brucei with those from two related African trypanosomes, T. congolense and T. vivax. We created a cell surface phylome (CSP) by estimating phylogenies for 79 gene families with putative surface functions to understand the more recent evolution of African trypanosome surface architecture. Our findings demonstrate that the transferrin receptor genes essential for bloodstream survival in T. brucei are conserved in T. congolense but absent from T. vivax and include an expanded gene family of insect stage-specific surface glycoproteins that includes many currently uncharacterized genes. We also identify species-specific features and innovations and confirm that these include most expression site-associated genes (ESAGs) in T. brucei, which are absent from T. congolense and T. vivax. The CSP presents the first global picture of the origins and dynamics of cell surface architecture in African trypanosomes, representing the principal differences in genomic repertoire between African trypanosome species and provides a basis from which to explore the developmental and pathological differences in surface architectures. All data can be accessed at: http://www.genedb.org/Page/trypanosoma_surface_phylome.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002121 | DOI Listing |
ACS Appl Bio Mater
March 2025
Research Laboratory on Human Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
Nanoparticle technology, particularly gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), is being developed for a wide range of applications, including as a delivery system of peptides or nucleic acids (NA). Their use in precision medicine requires detailed engineering of NP functionalization to optimize their function and minimize off-target toxicity. Two main routes can be found in the literature for the attachment of NA strands to AuNPs: covalent binding via a thiol group or passive adsorption onto a specially adapted coating previously applied to the metallic core.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiotechnol Biofuels Bioprod
March 2025
Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in bioprocessing, healthcare, and manufacturing has stimulated significant interest in Bacillus subtilis surface display technology. This innovative platform, leveraging both spore and vegetative cell forms, provides exceptional versatility for a wide spectrum of applications, spanning from green technologies to advanced biomedical innovations. The robustness of spores and the metabolic activity of vegetative cells enable efficient enzyme immobilization, biocatalysis, and biosensor development, facilitating bioremediation, pollutant degradation, and renewable energy generation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
March 2025
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Industrial Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, 80000, Turkey.
In this study, the biological activities of the extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions of the kernel part of Juglans regia L. were determined. Two different methods, Response Surface Method (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) integration, were used for optimization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
March 2025
Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75039, US.
Gene expression in response to environmental stimuli is dependent on nuclear localization of key signaling components, which can be tightly regulated by phosphorylation. This is exemplified by the phosphate-sensing transcription factor Pho4, which requires phosphorylation for nuclear export by the yeast exportin Msn5. Here, we present a high resolution cryogenic-electron microscopy structure showing the phosphorylated 35-residue nuclear export signal of Pho4, which binds the concave surface of Msn5 through two Pho4 phospho-serines that align with two Msn5 basic patches.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExp Eye Res
March 2025
Changzhou Third People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213000. Electronic address:
The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects and related mechanisms of lactoferrin and HIF-1α on dry eye syndrome (DED) in mice. The expression levels of lactoferrin and HIF-1α in tears of DED patients and normal controls were detected. A DED mouse model received lactoferrin (50 mg/kg dissolved in 2 mL PBS) or DMOG (40 mg/kg dissolved in 2 mL PBS) orally daily for 28 days.
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