Diphtheria toxin (DT) is a unique bacterial protein, which selectively kills certain cell populations due to strict functional specialization of domains that allows using this toxin in protein engineering for constructing recombinant derivatives with defined properties. The article covers structural and functional features of DT molecule, both fundamental and practical aspects of recombinant DT derivatives' applications in different fields. In particular, applications of recombinant DT derivatives as unique instruments for fundamental research of cell receptors' functions, mechanism of DT action and participation of different cell populations in biological processes are presented. Perspectives of recombinant DT derivatives practical applications for the development of vaccines, cytotoxins, HB-EGF blockers, diagnostic test-systems, serotherapeutic medications and constructions for drug delivery have been discussed. This review reflects recent advances and current problems in using recombinant DT derivatives for treatment and prophylaxis of oncologic, autoimmune, infectious and others diseases.
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