Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
Published: March 2013
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene regulation plays a key role in brain development and function. But there are few cases in which the roles of individual miRNAs have been elucidated in behaving animals. We report a miR-276a::DopR regulatory module in Drosophila that functions in distinct circuits for naive odor responses and conditioned odor memory. Drosophila olfactory aversive memory involves convergence of the odors (conditioned stimulus) and the electric shock (unconditioned stimulus) in mushroom body (MB) neurons. Dopamine receptor DopR mediates the unconditioned stimulus inputs onto MB. Distinct dopaminergic neurons also innervate ellipsoid body (EB), where DopR function modulates arousal to external stimuli. We demonstrate that miR-276a is required in MB neurons for memory formation and in EB for naive responses to odors. Both roles of miR-276a are mediated by tuning DopR expression. The dual role of this miR-276a::DopR genetic module in these two neural circuits highlights the importance of miRNA-mediated gene regulation within distinct circuits underlying both naive behavioral responses and memory.
Main-belt objects (MBOs) with volatile components provide important insights into the solar system's evolution and the origin of Earth's water. In this study, we employ a 3D thermophysical model to simulate the evolution of a representative ellipsoidal main-belt comet (MBC) and investigate the factors influencing its gas and dust activity. Our results highlight the important role of large obliquities in amplifying the detectability of sublimation-driven dust emission in MBCs.
Purpose: To investigate correlations among clinical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical characteristics of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and their prognostic implications.
Methods: This prospective study included 120 patients with idiopathic ERM who underwent vitrectomy. Preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were measured.
The male imago of Americabaetis titthion is described for the first time. It can be distinguished from other male imagos of the genus by the following combination of characteristics: turbinate portion of the eyes with upper surface ellipsoidal and separated by approximately the width of a lateral ocellus; costal area of fore wings tinged with reddish-brown; presence of pairs of soft, setose protuberances on the meso- and metasternum; subgenital plate slightly concave; forceps with segment I/II slightly tapering medioapically. Supplementary descriptions for the nymph and female imago are provided, as well as the first description of the eggs of a species of the genus.
Sleep is essential and highly conserved, yet its regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. To identify sleep drive neurons, we imaged brains with calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator (CaMPARI). The results indicate that the activity of the protocerebral bridge (PB) correlates with sleep drive.
Introduction: Coccidiosis is a serious parasitic disease in camels caused by an intestinal protozoan parasite of the genus , which is linked to significant causes of reduced milk and meat production. In Saudi Arabia, scare literature focused on the coprological investigation of dromedary camels (). To determine the taxonomic status of camel parasite species, we performed morphological characterization of oocysts and genetic analysis ( and gene regions) of species collected from camels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
