The molal conductivity of liquid electrolytes with low static dielectric constants (ε(s) < 10) decreases to a minimum at low concentrations (region I) and increases to a maximum at higher concentrations (region II) when plotted against the square root of the concentration. This behavior is investigated by applying the compensated Arrhenius formalism (CAF) to the molal conductivity, Λ, of a family of 1-alcohol electrolytes over a broad concentration range. A scaling procedure is applied that results in an energy of activation (E(a)) and an exponential prefactor (Λ0) that are both concentration dependent. It is shown that the increasing molal conductivity in region II results from the combined effect of (1) a decrease in the energy of activation calculated from the CAF, and (2) an inherent concentration dependence in the exponential prefactor that is partly due to the dielectric constant.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp312243d | DOI Listing |
RSC Adv
January 2025
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
Water-in-salt electrolytes provide an expanded electrochemical potential window, thus enabling a wide range of battery chemistries based on readily available salts and water. This study introduces a binary salt approach for achieving high K concentration with a tunable solvation sphere composed of acetate (Ac) and trifluoromethane sulfonate (OTf) anions, and water. Combining the hydrophilic low-cost potassium acetate with hydrophobic potassium trifluoromethane sulfonate salts, 36 molal liquid electrolyte, K(Ac)(OTf)·1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Chem
December 2024
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt.
Herrin, three Gemini cationic surfactants related to benzo[d]thiazol-3-ium bromide with variable hydrocarbon chain lengths (TBC n = 6, 12, and 18) were synthesized successfully and confirmed by using IR and HNMR spectroscopies. Critical micelle concentration and different thermodynamic properties of all surfactants under study were measured using conductivity, density, molal volume, and refractive index techniques. The Critical micelle concentration of TBC 6, TBC 12, and TBC 18 surfactants measured from the different techniques shows an acceptable agreement.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Appl Mater Interfaces
August 2024
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor 48109, Michigan, United States.
Eur Biophys J
July 2023
National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
This study establishes the existence of substantial agreement between published results from traditional boundary spreading measurements (including synthetic boundary measurements in the analytical ultracenrifuge) on two globular proteins (bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin) and the concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient predicted for experiments conducted under the operative thermodynamic constraints of constant temperature and solvent chemical potential. Although slight negative concentration dependence of the translational diffusion coefficient is the experimentally observed as well as theoretically predicted, the extent of the concentration dependence is within the limits of experimental uncertainty inherent in diffusion coefficient measurement. Attention is then directed toward the ionic strength dependence of the concentration dependence coefficient ([Formula: see text]) describing diffusion coefficients obtained by dynamic light scattering, where, in principle, the operative thermodynamic constraints of constant temperature and pressure preclude consideration of results in terms of single-solute theory.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Microbiol
April 2023
Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
A prerequisite for prebiotic chemistry is the accumulation of critical building blocks of life. Some studies argue that more frequent impact events on the primitive Earth could have induced a more reducing steam atmosphere and thus favor widespread and more efficient synthesis of life building blocks. However, elevated temperature is also proposed to threaten the stability of organics and whether life building blocks could accumulate to appreciable levels in the reducing yet hot surface seawater beneath the steam atmosphere is still poorly examined.
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