Carbocyclic nucleosides are nucleoside analogues in which the furanosidic moiety has been replaced by a carbocycle. Several members of this family have been isolated from natural sources and include a 5-membered ring carbocycle. The aim of this review is to examine critically the different methodologies for the enantioselective construction of 3- to 6-membered rings, with a particular focus on 5-membered rings and their modifications. The procedures for bonding the heterocyclic moiety and the carbohydrate are treated separately. The methods for synthesising the carbocyclic moiety mainly focus on the construction of the cycle, although precise details about the functionalisation are provided in some cases. The selected methods aim to provide an overview of the synthesis of carbocycles related to the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides. The methods of synthesis of 5-membered rings are classified into two types: methods in which the cyclopentane ring is formed by ring closing reactions (C=C and C-C formation) and methods that start from preformed 5-membered rings, based mainly on cycloaddition reactions. With respect to the methods of synthesis of 3-, 4- and 6-membered ring carbocyclic nucleosides, a selection of the more relevant enantioselective procedures is presented in a systematic manner.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs00003f | DOI Listing |
Molecules
May 2024
Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties.
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March 2024
School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, WestvilleCampus, University of KwaZulu-Natal P Bag X 54001 Durban 4000 South Africa.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by high blood glucose levels, impairing glucose production in the body. Its prevalence has steadily risen over the past decades, leading to compromised immunity and heightened susceptibility to microbial infections. Immune dysfunction associated with diabetes raises vulnerability, while neuropathy dulls sensation in the extremities, reducing injury awareness.
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October 2023
Université d'Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
(Re)emerging RNA viruses have been major threats to public health in the past years, and from the few drugs available, nucleoside analogues are still at the cornerstone of the antiviral therapy. Among them, the synthesis of carbocyclic -nucleosides is suffering from long syntheses and poor yields. Herein we report a concise stereoselective synthesis of rare carbocyclic -nucleosides (11a-l) bearing non-canonical nucleobases through a cobalt-assisted-route as key step starting from the optically pure (-)-cyclopentenone 1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Org Chem
October 2023
State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
The desymmetrization of --diols with a reversal of enantioselectivity catalyzed by chiral pyridine--oxides with l-proline as a single source of chirality is reported. With chiral 3-substituted ArPNO and 2-substituted 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine--oxide as catalysts, a wide range of monoesters were obtained with satisfactory results with a complete and controlled switch in stereoselectivity (up to 97:3 and 1:99 er). Chiral six-membered carbocyclic uracil nucleosides were generated with excellent enantioselectivities after derivatization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur J Med Chem
October 2023
IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France. Electronic address:
The nucleotidase ISN1 is a potential therapeutic target of the purine salvage pathway of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We identified PfISN1 ligands by in silico screening of a small library of nucleos(t)ide analogues and by thermal shift assays. Starting from a racemic cyclopentyl carbocyclic phosphonate scaffold, we explored the diversity on the nucleobase moiety and also proposed a convenient synthetic pathway to access the pure enantiomers of our initial hit (compound (±)-2).
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