Circular-dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the secondary-structure analysis of proteins. The structural information obtained by CD does not have atomic-level resolution (unlike X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy), but it has the great advantage of being applicable to both nonnative and native proteins in a wide range of solution conditions containing lipids and detergents. The development of synchrotron-radiation CD (SRCD) instruments has greatly expanded the utility of this method by extending the spectra to the vacuum-ultraviolet region below 190 nm and producing information that is unobtainable by conventional CD instruments. Combining SRCD data with bioinformatics provides new insight into the conformational changes of proteins in a membrane environment.
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