AI Article Synopsis

  • A specific group of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein during mammalian development expresses genes related to lymphatic systems and forms early lymphatic structures called lymph sacs.
  • Researchers used advanced imaging techniques to analyze mouse embryos and discovered the earliest lymphatic endothelial cells emerge as loosely connected cell strings linking the cardinal vein and surrounding venous structures.
  • The study identified two new lymphatic structures (dorsal peripheral longitudinal lymphatic vessel and ventral primordial thoracic duct) and highlighted the crucial roles of VEGF-C and CCBE1 in the budding and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells.

Article Abstract

During mammalian development, a subpopulation of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein (CV) expresses lymphatic-specific genes and subsequently develops into the first lymphatic structures, collectively termed as lymph sacs. Budding, sprouting and ballooning of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) have been proposed to underlie the emergence of LECs from the CV, but the exact mechanisms of lymph vessel formation remain poorly understood. Applying selective plane illumination-based ultramicroscopy to entire wholemount-immunostained mouse embryos, we visualized the complete developing vascular system with cellular resolution. Here, we report emergence of the earliest detectable LECs as strings of loosely connected cells between the CV and superficial venous plexus. Subsequent aggregation of LECs resulted in formation of two distinct, previously unidentified lymphatic structures, the dorsal peripheral longitudinal lymphatic vessel (PLLV) and the ventral primordial thoracic duct (pTD), which at later stages formed a direct contact with the CV. Providing new insights into their function, we found vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and the matrix component CCBE1 indispensable for LEC budding and migration. Altogether, we present a significantly more detailed view and novel model of early lymphatic development.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590982PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2012.340DOI Listing

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