Localization of epileptic foci using multimodality neuroimaging.

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are medically intractable. Epilepsy surgery may offer cure or palliation, and neuromodulation and direct drug delivery are being developed as alternatives. Successful treatment requires correct localization of seizure onset zones and understanding surrounding functional cortex to avoid iatrogenic disability. Several neurophysiologic and imaging localization techniques have inherent individual weaknesses which can be overcome by multimodal analysis. We review common noninvasive techniques, then illustrate the value of multimodal analysis to localize seizure onset for targeted treatment.