Development of anti-icing materials by chemical tailoring of hydrophobic textured metallic surfaces.

Ice on surfaces can have dramatic consequences for human activities. Over the last decades, the design of new materials with anti-icing properties has generated significant research efforts for the prevention of ice accretion. Here we investigate water freezing temperatures on untreated and negatively charged hydrophobic stainless steel surfaces and use these temperatures to evaluate icephobicity. Supercooled water microdroplets are deposited and undergo a slow controlled cooling until spontaneous freezing occurs. Textured hydrophobic stainless steel surfaces functionalized with anionic polyelectrolytes brushes display unexpectedly lower freezing temperatures, at least 7 °C lower than polished untreated steel. On the basis of the entropy reduction of the crystalline phase near a charged solid surface, we used a modification of the classical heterogeneous nucleation theory to explain the observed freezing temperatures lessening. Our results could help the design of new composite materials that more efficiently prevent ice formation.