Ervin Bauer is one of the first theoretical biologists distancing his ideas both from vitalism and mechanicism. He formulated the principle of permanent non-equilibrium of living systems (Bauer's principle) in terms of thermodynamics in 1920. Bauer's scientific path can be divided into three periods. In the early 1920s he proposed his principle as an axiom that cannot be derived from contemporary natural sciences. In the late 1920s he reformulated it in a way that it could be subjected to experimental testing. Summarizing his views in the 1930s in his book, Theoretical Biology, he tried to show that his axiom is indeed the fundamental principle of biology. This later view was anachronistic in spite of many striking insights of Bauer. The energetic formulation of Bauer's principle is, however, a realistic characterization of living organisms and it can be derived from the theory of open systems - in fact it contributed to the formulation of that theory. Bauer's principle can be incorporated into non-linear thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.99.2012.006 | DOI Listing |
J Chem Phys
January 2025
Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
Effective potential methods, obtained by applying a quantum correction to a classical pair potential, are widely used for describing the thermophysical properties of fluids with mild nuclear quantum effects. In case of strong nuclear quantum effects, such as for liquid hydrogen and helium, the accuracy of these quantum corrections deteriorates significantly, but at present no simple alternatives are available. In this work, we solve this issue by developing a new, three-parameter corresponding-states principle that remains applicable in the regions of the phase diagram where quantum effects become significant.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Chem Phys
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95204, USA.
Utilizing the sparsity of the electronic structure problem, fragmentation methods have been researched for decades with great success, pushing the limits of ab initio quantum chemistry ever further. Recently, this set of methods has been expanded to include a fundamentally different approach called excitonic renormalization, providing promising initial results. It builds a supersystem Hamiltonian in a second-quantized-like representation from transition-density tensors of isolated fragments, contracted with biorthogonalized molecular integrals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Kamikita, 039-3212, Japan.
The Alfvén instability nonlinearly excited the energetic-particle-driven geodesic acoustic mode on the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak, as demonstrated experimentally. The mechanism of the energetic-particle-driven geodesic acoustic mode excitation and the mode nonlinear evolution is not yet fully understood. In the present work, a first-principles simulation using the MEGA code investigated the mode properties in both the linear growth and nonlinear saturated phases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Nephrol
January 2025
Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem, affecting over 840 million individuals. CKD is linked to higher mortality and morbidity, partially mediated by higher cardiovascular risk and worsening kidney function. This study aimed to identify risk factors and develop risk prediction models for selected cardiorenal clinical outcomes in patients with non-diabetic CKD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGMS J Med Educ
December 2024
University of Bern, Institute for Medical Education, Department for Assessment and Evaluation, Bern, Switzerland.
Introduction: Graduate medical education is being reformed in many countries, with a focus on the principles of competency-based medical education (CBME). A main novel aspect in this context is the implementation of entrustable professional activities (EPAs). The introduction of EPAs aims to better align training curricula with clinical practice, provide individualized supervision, and enhance the quality of feedback.
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