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The noninvasive determination of glucose in the interstitial layer of the human skin by mid-infrared spectroscopy is reported. The sensitivity for this measurement was obtained by combining the high pulse energy from an external cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) tunable in the infrared glucose fingerprint region (1000-1220 cm(-1)) focused on the skin, with a detection of the absorbance process by photoacoustic spectroscopy in the ultrasound region performed by a gas cell coupled to the skin. This combination facilitates a quantitative measurement for concentrations of skin glucose in the range from <50 mg/dL to >300 mg/dL, which is the relevant range for the glucose monitoring in diabetes patients. Since the interstitial fluid glucose level is representative of the blood glucose level and follows it without significant delay (<10 min), this method could be applied to establish a noninvasive, painless glucose measurement procedure that is urgently awaited by diabetes patients. We report here the design of the photoacoustic experiments, the spectroscopy of glucose in vivo, and the calibration method for the quantitative determination of glucose in skin. Finally, a preliminary test with healthy volunteers and volunteers suffering from diabetes mellitus demonstrates the viability of a noninvasive glucose monitoring for patients based on the combination of infrared QCL and photoacoustic detection.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac302841f | DOI Listing |
Sensitive detection of incident acoustic waves over a broad frequency band offers a faithful representation of photoacoustic pressure transients of biological microstructures. Here, we propose a plasmon waveguide resonance sensor for responding to the photoacoustic impulses. By sequentially depositing Au, MgF, and SiO films on a coverslip, a composite waveguide layer produces a tightly confined optical evanescent field at the SiO-water interface with extremely strong electric field intensity, enabling the retrieval of photoacoustic signals with an estimated noise-equivalent-pressure (NEP) sensitivity of ∼92 Pa and a -6-dB bandwidth of ∼208 MHz.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiscov Nano
December 2024
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India.
In vivo, molecular imaging is prevalent for biology research and therapeutic practice. Among advanced imaging technologies, photoacoustic (PA) imaging and sensing is gaining interest around the globe due its exciting features like high resolution and good (~ few cm) penetration depth. PA imaging is a recent development in ultrasonic technology that generates acoustic waves by absorbing optical energy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhotoacoustics
February 2025
Dipartimento di Scienze di Base ed Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome 00161, Italy.
A compact and robust optical excitation photoacoustic sensor with a self-integrated laser module excitation and an optimized differential resonator was developed to achieve high sensitivity and full linear range detection of carbon dioxide (CO) based on dual modes of wavelength modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy (WMPAS) and resonant frequency tracking (RFT). The integrated laser module equipped with three lasers (a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a distributed feedback laser (DFB) and a He-Ne laser) working in a time-division multiplexing mode was used as an integrated set of spectroscopic sources for detection of the designated concentration levels of CO. With the absorption photoacoustic mode, the WMPAS detection with the QCL and DFB sources was capable of CO detection at concentrations below 20 %, yielding a noise equivalent concentration (NEC) as low as 240 ppt and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 4.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhotoacoustics
February 2025
Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology Ministry of Education, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
The quartz tuning fork (QTF) being the acoustic-electrical conversion element for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) system directly affects the detection sensitivity. However, the low electromechanical conversion efficiency characteristic of standard QTF limits the further enhancement of the system. Therefore, the optimized design for QTF is becoming an important approach to improve the performance of QEPAS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMed Image Anal
December 2024
School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. Electronic address:
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), as a novel biomedical imaging technique, is able to capture temporal, spatial and spectral tomographic information from organisms. Organ-level multi-parametric analysis of continuous PAT images are of interest since it enables the quantification of organ specific morphological and functional parameters in small animals. Accurate organ delineation is imperative for organ-level image analysis, yet the low contrast and blurred organ boundaries in PAT images pose challenge for their precise segmentation.
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