Chronic ischemic heart disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although revascularisation strategies and pharmaceutical therapy are able to delay ventricular remodelling, until today no therapeutic strategy is available that might prevent or even reverse this process of remodelling and consequent ventricular failure. In the recent past, experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the capacity of bone marrow stem cells in cardiac repair and regeneration of compromised heart muscle. Several clinical trials showed the safety and efficacy of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation in the patients with acute myocardial infarction or chronic ischemic heart disease. Today the therapeutic strategy of cell administration during cardiac surgery or coronary artery intervention is entering the clinical practice. In the following Review we will highlight biological as well as methodological backgrounds, indications and clinical results of cardiac stem cell therapy for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and chronic ischemic heart disease.
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