AI Article Synopsis
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause extrahepatic issues like reactive arthritis, vasculitis, and different types of glomerulonephritis, but there are no specific histological patterns linked to Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections.
- For HBV-related kidney problems, antiviral treatment is the main approach; corticosteroids are generally ineffective (except for panarteritis nodosa), and immunosuppressants risk worsening HBV.
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can induce cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, and its treatment may involve a mix of immunomodulatory agents and antiviral therapy.
Article Abstract
The extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis B virus infection include reactive arthritis, vasculitis (panarteritis nodosa) and primary glomerulonephritis (membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and, less frequently, IgA nephropathy, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, and extracapillary glomerulonephritis). No specific histomorphological patterns have been reported in association with HDV infection. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis is the only pattern of glomerular involvement unequivocally related to HCV infection. The treatment of HBV-related glomerulopathies is essentially antiviral. Corticosteroids have been proven to be ineffective (except in panarteritis nodosa), while immunosuppressants can lead to exacerbation of HBV infection. The treatment of HCV-related nephritis, especially cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, encompasses various options including both conventional and novel immunomodulatory agents, possibly combined with antiviral therapy.
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