Coinhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and BTLA negatively regulate immune responses. Multiple studies indicate that the deficiency or mutation of coinhibitory molecules leads to the development of autoimmune diseases in mice and humans, indicating that the negative signals from coinhibitory molecules are crucial for the prevention of autoimmunity. In some conditions, the administration of decoy coinhibitory receptors (e.g., CTLA-4 Ig) or mAb against coinhibitory molecules suppresses the responses of self-reactive T cells in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, modulation of coinhibitory signals seems to be an attractive approach to induce tolerance in autoimmune diseases in humans where the disease-inducing self-antigens are not known. Particularly, administration of CTLA-4 Ig has shown great promise in animal models of autoimmune diseases and has been gaining increasing attention in clinical investigation in several autoimmune diseases in humans.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3446788 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/269756 | DOI Listing |
Background: Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AKI.
Objectives: To evaluate uNGAL in dogs with non-associative immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and to evaluate whether uNGAL correlates with disease severity markers, negative prognostic indicators and outcome.
Animals: Twenty-two dogs with non-associative IMHA and 14 healthy dogs.
Mol Biol Rep
January 2025
Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune condition that damages the myelin sheath of neurons in the central nervous system, resulting in compromised nerve transmission and motor impairment. The astrocytopathy is considered one of the prominent etiological factor in the pathophysiology of demyelination in MS. The expression level of ceramide synthase-2 (CS-2) is yet to be established in the pathophysiology of astrocytopathy although the derailed ceramide biosynthetic pathways is well demonstrated in the pathophysiology of demyelination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
The Sharp-van der Heijde score (SvH) is crucial for assessing joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through radiographic images. However, manual scoring is time-consuming and subject to variability. This study proposes a multistage deep learning model to predict the Overall Sharp Score (OSS) from hand X-ray images.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
The combined impact of concurrent primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) on pregnancy outcomes remains underreported. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 115 pregnant patients diagnosed with pSS and delivering at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2009 to July 2023. The effects of AITD on maternal and neonatal outcomes were examined and compared to a control group without AITD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell Death Dis
January 2025
Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical and complex process involved in normal embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and tumor progression. It also contributes to retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Although absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) has been linked to inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancers, its role in the EMT of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE-EMT) and retinal diseases remains unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!