Diarrhoea and constipation are common clinical complaints that negatively affect quality of life, reduce work productivity and lead to considerable health-care expenditure. A variety of therapies have been used to treat these conditions. Unlike drugs that require systemic absorption to exert their effects, luminally acting agents improve diarrhoea and constipation by altering intestinal and/or colonic motility, as well as mucosal absorption and secretion, through a variety of mechanisms. Examples of luminally acting agents for diarrhoea include peripherally acting opiate analogues, enkephalinase inhibitors, bile-acid binding agents, nonabsorbed antibiotics, probiotics, bismuth-containing compounds, berberine and agents with possible effects on intestinal secretion or permeability. Luminally acting drugs for constipation include bulking agents, surfactants, osmotics, stimulants, chloride-channel activators, probiotics, drugs that increase delivery of bile acids to the colon and natural therapies such as prunes and hemp seed extract. As the physiological effects of luminally acting drugs are largely confined to the gastrointestinal tract, these agents are unlikely to cause adverse effects outside of the gastrointestinal tract.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.162 | DOI Listing |
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
December 2024
Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos Nanoestruturados (LaMMaN), Universidade Franciscana (UFN), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
The contamination of seas, rivers, lakes, and groundwater by industrial, hospital, and domestic effluents is a global health problem. Scientific approaches are needed to assess and mitigate the impacts of those pollutants, seeking more sustainable alternatives that meet established environmental standards. Among the various contaminants that are released into water sources, phenobarbital (PHEN), a long-acting barbiturate, applied as a hypnotic, sedative, and in the treatment of seizures is an aquatic pollutant, raises significant concerns for human health and the environment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAAPS PharmSciTech
December 2024
Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India.
Mesalamine is a locally acting anti-inflammatory drug used to treat mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Because of complex formulation principle and high in vivo variability, development of bioequivalent formulation for mesalamine is challenging. Further, fed state possess significant challenges for bioequivalence (BE) due to interplay of multiple factors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Anus Rectum Colon
October 2024
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele - Milan, Italy.
Objectives: Crohn's perianal fistula represents a challenging condition to treat. Sphincters-preserving surgical techniques are increasingly being adopted as repeated surgical procedures may lead to various degrees of incontinence. This prospective study aims to assess the long-term efficacy of collagen paste application in patients with simple and complex Crohn's perianal fistulas.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFmedRxiv
December 2024
Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Background And Aims: The ongoing antimicrobial resistant crisis heralds the need for new therapeutics against enteric infection. In mouse models, colon epithelial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) signaling limits oxygen and nitrate luminal bioavailability, thereby preventing bacterial pathogen colonization. However, whether this mechanism operates similarly in humans remains uncertain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFZhonghua Nan Ke Xue
July 2024
Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
Objective: To explore the mechanism of Lingze Tablets (LZT) acting on BPH in rats based on the VEGFA/TNF/IL-6 signaling pathway.
Methods: We equally randomized 30 SPF SD male rats into five groups, normal control, BPH model control, low-dose LZT, medium-dose LZT and high-dose LZT, and established a BPH model in the latter four groups by induction with non-castrate testosterone propionate. After the modeling, we treated the rats in the normal and model groups by intragastrical administration of physiological saline, and those in the latter three groups with low-, medium-, and high-dose LZT respectively, all for 28 successive days.
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