AI Article Synopsis
- Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) plays a crucial role in conveying biological information, with iduronic acid enhancing its functions.
- Enzymes DS-epimerases 1 and 2, along with DS-4-O-sulfotransferase 1, are key players in the biosynthesis of iduronic acid.
- CS/DS proteoglycans are found throughout the body and are involved in various biological functions, including inflammation, wound healing, and the organization of the extracellular matrix.
Article Abstract
The ability of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) to convey biological information is enriched by the presence of iduronic acid. DS-epimerases 1 and 2 (DS-epi1 and 2), in conjunction with DS-4-O-sulfotransferase 1, are the enzymes responsible for iduronic acid biosynthesis and will be the major focus of this review. CS/DS proteoglycans (CS/DS-PGs) are ubiquitously found in connective tissues, basement membranes, and cell surfaces or are stored intracellularly. Such wide distribution reflects the variety of biological roles in which they are involved, from extracellular matrix organization to regulation of processes such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. They play roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, immunity, and wound healing. Such versatility is achieved thanks to their variable composition, both in terms of protein core and the fine structure of the CS/DS chains. Excellent reviews have been published on the collective and individual functions of each CS/DS-PG. This short review presents the biosynthesis and functions of iduronic acid-containing structures, also as revealed by the analysis of the DS-epi1- and 2-deficient mouse models.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527884 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155412459857 | DOI Listing |
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