Accumulating evidence of the benefits of intensive home haemodialysis has led to increased international interest in this modality as a viable option for renal replacement therapy. Until the late 1970s, haemodialysis was primarily performed at home; however, the development of in-centre and satellite dialysis units and the advent of peritoneal dialysis led to decreased numbers of patients being managed by home haemodialysis. Over the past decade, a move towards once again providing and supporting haemodialysis at home has emerged, due to a desire to offer a more convenient form of dialysis for the patient in a more cost-effective manner. This shift has generated clinical evidence indicating benefits both from receiving haemodialysis at home, and from the option to provide intensive dialysis treatment in this setting. With the development of new home haemodialysis programs, specific patient-related, physician-related and cost-related barriers to their introduction have been encountered, including patient fear of self-cannulation and lack of expert medical knowledge in the area. This Review discusses the benefits and barriers associated with intensive home haemodialysis.
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