Estrogens, a class of steroid hormones, regulate the growth, development, and physiology of the human reproductive system. Estrogens also involve in the neuroendocrine, skeletal, adipogenesis, and cardiovascular systems. Estrogen signaling pathways are selectively stimulated or inhibited depending on a balance between the activities of estrogen receptor (ER) α or ERβ in target organs. ERs belong to the steroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors, which act as transcription factors after binding to estrogen. The gene expression regulation by ERs is to modulate biological activities, such as reproductive organ development, bone modeling, cardiovascular system functioning, metabolism, and behavior in both females and males. Understanding of the general physiological roles of ERs has been gained when estrogen levels were ablated by ovariectomy and then replenished by treatment with exogenous estrogen. This technique is not sufficient to fully determine the exact function of estrogen signaling in general processes in living tissues. However, a transgenic mouse model has been useful to study gene-specific functions. ERα and ERβ have different biological functions, and knockout and transgenic animal models have distinct phenotypes. Analysis of ERα and ERβ function using knockout mouse models has identified the roles of estrogen signaling in general physiologic processes. Although transgenic mouse models do not always produce consistent results, they are the useful for studying the functions of these genes under specific pathological conditions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5625/lar.2012.28.2.71 | DOI Listing |
Cancers (Basel)
October 2024
Department of Oncological Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
Background: Traditional treatment methods for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) include surgical excision with histological evaluation, yet advancements such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and superficial radiation therapy (SRT) offer non-invasive management alternatives. This study aims to evaluate the use of RCM for the evaluation of treatment outcomes after SRT in managing localized NMSC.
Methods: A prospective interventional case series study was conducted on patients treated for NMSC with SRT between March 2020 and December 2023.
Indian J Anaesth
October 2024
Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
Cancers (Basel)
May 2024
Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
(1) Background: Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a rare tumor of the spine, typically slow-growing and low-grade. Optimal management strategies remain unclear due to limited evidence given the low incidence of the disease. (2) Methods: We analyzed data from 1197 patients with spinal MPE from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2000-2020).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChildren (Basel)
May 2024
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are the result of an aberrant development during embryogenesis. Although these lesions are present at birth, they are not always visible yet. Once symptomatic, patients suffer from pain, bleeding, ulcers, infections or lymphatic leakage, depending on the subtype of vessels involved.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFmSphere
June 2024
Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
OLE (ornate, large, extremophilic) RNAs are members of a noncoding RNA class present in many Gram-positive, extremophilic bacteria. The large size, complex structure, and extensive sequence conservation of OLE RNAs are characteristics consistent with the hypothesis that they likely function as ribozymes. The OLE RNA representative from is known to localize to the phospholipid membrane and requires at least three essential protein partners: OapA, OapB, and OapC.
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