An institutional review of transarterial embolization in haemorrhagic urological emergencies.

Objective: To review the effectiveness of therapeutic transarterial embolization in controlling phagic urological emergencies irrespective of the cause of emergencies.

Methods: Thirty-seven vascular angiographies were performed in 32 patients (19 males and 13 females, age range 19-70 years) who were referred with haemorrhagic urological emergencies to Aga Khan University Hospital's angiography suite from July 2005 to June 2010. Embolization was performed with coils, polyvinyl alcohol particles, N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue and gel foam according to the clinical indication. Data on clinical indication, technique, site and type of bleeding lesions were obtained from a retrospective review of medical records. Success rate, clinical outcome and complications of the procedure were analysed.

Results: Indications of procedure included iatrogenic injury (16), Renal mass on clinical examination and imaging (4), haematuria with pseudoaneurysm on examination (3), haematuria with no known cause (3), post traumatic renovascular injury (2) Renal arteriovenous fistulas (2), Carcinoma of prostate (1) and pelvic arteriovenous (AV) fistula (1). Twenty four patients underwent successful endovascular control of bleeding. Eight examinations were negative for active extravasation, two of whom showed haemorrhage in second session and were embolized. Two sessions were needed in two patients at different time intervals. Complication as dislodgement of coil in distal profunda femoris artery was seen in one patient with no significant obstruction to flow.

Conclusion: Transarterial renal angioembolisation is a safe and effective therapeutic tool for managing haematuria or haemorrhage in urological emergencies. Wherever and whenever indicated it should be the first preferred treatment modality.