Topical application of indicators for calcium imaging at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction.

Calcium imaging is a technique in which Ca(2+)-binding molecules are loaded into live cells and as they bind Ca(2+) they "indicate" the concentration of free calcium through a change in either the intensity or the wavelength of light emitted (fluorescence or bioluminescence). There are several possible methods for loading synthetic Ca(2+) indicators into subcellular compartments, including topical application of membrane-permeant Ca(2+) indicators, forward-filling of dextran conjugates, and direct injection. Calcium imaging is a highly informative technique in neurobiology because Ca(2+) is involved in many neuronal signaling pathways and serves as the trigger for neurotransmitter release. This article describes the topical application of Ca(2+) indicators at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This loading technique is simple to execute and yields data quickly. The drawback is that the data can be difficult to interpret, primarily because it is difficult to ascertain which cellular and subcellular compartment(s) are loaded (e.g., muscle, nerve, or glia; cytosol, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum).