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Biot's theory of wave propagation in porous media includes a characteristic frequency which is used to distinguish the low-frequency from the high-frequency range. Its determination is based on an investigation of fluid flow through different pore geometries on a smaller scale and a subsequent upscaling process. This idea is limited due to the assumptions made on the smaller scale. It can be enhanced for a general two-phase system by three properties: Inertia of the solid, elasticity of the solid, and frequency dependent corrections of the momentum exchange. They become important for highly porous media with liquids.
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