The number of tuberculosis (TB) cases and global TB incidence rates is decreasing according to the latest World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report (1). This is very welcome news. However, the 8.8 million incident cases of TB, 1.1 million deaths from TB among HIV-negative people, the 350,000 deaths from HIV-associated TB, and the millions of children orphaned as a result of parental deaths caused by TB provide a stark reminder of the magnitude of devastation caused by TB each year. Advances in understanding TB epidemiology diagnosis and treatment in 2011, many of which were reported in the Journal, provide hope that the annual decline in TB cases will accelerate.
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High incidence of tuberculosis in young children living with HIV in the Western Cape, South Africa.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
January 2025
Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Background: Data on tuberculosis (TB) incidence and risk factors among children living with HIV (CLHIV) in the universal ART era are limited.
Methods: We analysed routinely-collected data on TB diagnoses for CLHIV age ≤5 years, born 2018-2022, in the Westen Cape, South Africa. We examined factors associated with TB diagnosis, with death and loss to follow-up as competing events.
Facilitators and barriers to Tuberculosis case notification among private health facilities in Kampala Capital City, Uganda.
PLoS One
December 2024
Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
Introduction: Private Health Facilities (PHFs), Uganda's main healthcare providers, are indispensable stakeholders in the national tuberculosis (TB) program's efforts to improve TB case notification and combat the epidemic. However, notification rates remain relatively low in PHFs compared to public providers. In this study, we sought to assess facilitators and barriers to TB case notification among private facilities in Kampala Capital City.
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Community-based active case finding (ACF) for tuberculosis (TB) involves an offer of screening to populations at risk of TB, oftentimes with additional health promotion, community engagement and health service strengthening. Recently updated World Health Organization TB screening guidelines conditionally recommend expanded offer of ACF for communities where the prevalence of undiagnosed pulmonary TB is greater than 0.5% among adults, or with other structural risk factors for TB.
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This narrative review examines the role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts, with particular emphasis on the differences in vaccination policies between countries, such as the US, where routine BCG administration is not practiced. A significant complication of the BCG vaccine is false positive results in the tuberculin skin test (TST), often leading to misdiagnoses and unnecessary treatments. To address these issues, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) have emerged as a more specific diagnostic tool that reduces false positives associated with prior BCG vaccination.
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