The correspondence between Edgar Anderson and Ernst Mayr leading into their 1941 Jesup Lectures on "Systematics and the Origin of Species" addressed population thinking, the nature of species, the relationship of microevolution to macroevolution, and the evolutionary dynamics of plants and animals, all central issues in what came to be known as the Evolutionary Synthesis. On some points, they found ready agreement; for others they forged only a short term consensus. They brought two different working styles to this project reflecting their different appreciations of what was possible at this point in evolutionary studies. For Mayr, it was a focused project with definitive short term conclusions imminent while Anderson viewed it as an episode in an ongoing historical process that, while exciting and suggestive, remained openended. Thus, Mayr and Anderson represent two distinct perspectives on the Evolutionary Synthesis in formation; by understanding both of their points of view, we can grasp more fully the state of evolutionary theory at this key moment.
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Rotation in biphenyls with a single ortho-substituent.
J Org Chem
July 2006
Department of Organic Chemistry "A. Mangini", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 20196-Bologna, Italy.
Barriers to rotation in a range up to 15.4 kcal mol(-1) were determined by dynamic NMR spectroscopy for a series of biphenyl compounds 1a-1h and 2a-2d with a single ortho-substituent. Ab initio calculations reproduce these barriers satisfactorily and indicate the ground-state conformation of these molecules.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFConformation of acetate derivatives of sugars and other cyclic alcohols. Crystal structures, NMR studies, and molecular mechanics calculations of acetates. When is the exocyclic C-O bond eclipsed?
J Org Chem
April 2005
Chemistry Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
[reaction: see text] A study of published crystal structures (of O-acetylated sugars for the most part) suggests that the exocyclic C-O bond in acetate esters of cyclic alcohols intrinsically prefers a staggered conformation, although the eclipsed conformation is only slightly less stable. When the acetate is flanked by two equatorial substituents the preferred conformation is close to eclipsed. Over 1500 C-OAc bonds have been analyzed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStructure, conformation, and dynamic processes of the stereolabile atropisomers of hindered terphenyl hydrocarbons.
Org Lett
March 2005
Department of Organic Chemistry A. Mangini, University of Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy.
[reaction: see text] Ortho-substituted p-terphenyl hydrocarbons exist as trans and cis atropisomers that were identified by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The interconversion barriers increase with the dimensions of the ortho substituents, the experimental values being matched by ab initio calculations. X-ray diffraction shows that only the trans atropisomer is present in the solids.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWhy are silyl ethers conformationally different from alkyl ethers? Chair-chair conformational equilibria in silyloxycyclohexanes and their dependence on the substituents on silicon. The wider roles of eclipsing, of 1,3-repulsive steric interactions, and of attractive steric interactions.
J Am Chem Soc
December 2003
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, USA.
An NMR study of the diaxial/diequatorial chair equilibrium in a range of silylated derivatives of trans-1,4- and trans-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexane is reported and discussed with a view to explaining unusually large populations of chair conformations with axial substituents, noted previously for some monosilyloxycyclohexanes and in some silylated sugars. X-ray diffraction studies of three bis-triphenylsilyloxycyclohexanes are reported and show both axial and equatorial silyloxy groups with the exocyclic bonds eclipsed. Eclipsing is also suggested by molecular mechanics (MM3) calculations on such derivatives.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFConformational studies by dynamic NMR. 95. Rotation around the adamantyl-alkyl bond. Remote substituent effect on conformational equilibrium.
J Org Chem
October 2003
Chemistry Department, University College, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK.
Restricted rotation has been observed by NMR spectroscopy at very low temperature in isopropyladamantane, 1-tert-butyl-3-isopropyladamantane, and 1,3-diisopropyladamantane. The barriers for the corresponding dynamic processes were also determined. In the case of the disubstituted adamantane derivatives, two and four conformers, respectively, were observed and they were assigned on the basis of the symmetry properties.
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