Prior expectations influence the way incoming stimuli are processed. A standard, validated way of manipulating prior expectations is to bias participants to perceive a stimulus by instructing them to look out for this type of stimulus. Here, we investigated the influence of prior expectations on the processing of incoming stimuli (emotional faces) in adolescence. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed activity and functional connectivity in 13 adolescents and 13 healthy adults (matched for gender and intelligence quotient), while they were presented with sequences of emotional faces (happy, fearful, or angry). A specific instruction at the start of each sequence instructed the participants to look out for fearful or angry faces in the subsequent sequence. Both groups responded more accurately and with shorter reaction times (RTs) to faces that were congruent with the instruction. For anger, this bias was lower in the adolescents (for RTs), and adults demonstrated greater activation than adolescents in the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) and greater functional connectivity between the vMPFC and the thalamus when the face was congruent with the instruction. Our results demonstrate that the influence of prior expectations (in the form of an instruction) on the subsequent processing of face stimuli is still developing in the adolescent brain.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs140 | DOI Listing |
BMC Psychol
December 2024
School of Foreign Languages, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China.
This study examines the relationships among Foreign Language Learning Enjoyment (FLLE), L2 grit, academic burnout, and motivated behavior in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, using a mixed-methods approach. A total of 534 Chinese undergraduate EFL learners participated in the quantitative phase, which used a cross-sectional survey, followed by narrative inquiry with 15 participants in the qualitative phase. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that FLLE positively influenced motivated behavior while reducing academic burnout.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Pediatr Surg
December 2024
Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address:
Purpose: Anastomotic ulcers (AUs) are a rare cause of morbidity in intestinal failure (IF). Prior studies of AUs have been small, descriptive reports. We evaluated a large cohort of IF patients to identify risk factors and describe treatment strategies for AUs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmunohematology
December 2024
Versiti, Milwaukee, WI.
Variant D antigens can cause variable serologic results when typing with Anti-D reagents. There is limited information regarding the ability of Anti-D reagents to differentiate between D variants defined by genotyping. This study was performed to determine if a panel of 20 U.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Comput Assist Radiol Surg
December 2024
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
Purpose: We are developing a three-dimensional X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (3D XFCT) system using non-radioactive-labeled compounds for preclinical studies as a new modality that provides images of biological functions. Improvements in image quality and detection limits are required for the in vivo imaging. The aim of this study was to improve the quality of XFCT images by applying a deep image prior (DIP), which is a type of convolutional neural network, to projection images as a pre-denoising method, and then compare with DIP post-denoising.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur J Nutr
December 2024
Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Philipp Rosenthal Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Purpose: We investigated the effects of a multidomain lifestyle intervention conducted in older adults at increased risk for dementia on participants' diet.
Methods: Secondary analyses of the cluster-randomized AgeWell.de-trial, testing a multidomain intervention (optimization of nutrition and medication, enhancement of physical, social and cognitive activity) in older adults at increased dementia risk.
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