Mammary cancer promotion by ovarian hormones involves IGFR/AKT/mTOR signaling.

In a previous study, we observed that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary lesions are promoted to overt mammary cancers by exogenous administration of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P). The purpose of the present study was to identify the early molecular events occurring during the hormonal promotion of mammary carcinogenesis and persistent activation of molecular pathways responsible for tumor growth. Seven-week-old female Copenhagen (COP) rats, which are resistant to MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis, were intraperitoneally administered a single dose of MNU (50 mg/kg body weight). Six weeks after carcinogen administration, the rats were treated with E+P, killed at 15th week and 43rd week to obtain mammary lesions and tumor tissues and the molecular analysis were performed. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments showed increased mRNA expression of Igfr, Grb2, Sos1, and Shc1 in mammary lesions and tumors. Immunoblot data also showed increased protein levels of IGFR, GRB2 and SHC1 in mammary lesions and tumors, which is in correlation with their respective RT-PCR data. Activation of AKT and ERK1/2 were up regulated in E+P treated mammary lesions and tumors. Molecular analysis of mTOR pathway proteins revealed increased phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4EBP1 in the hormone treated tumors indicating the activation of mTOR signaling. E+P treatment reduced the protein expression of BAX and increased BCL2 expression along with down regulation of active caspase 3 and 8. Together, these data demonstrate that ovarian hormones promote the lesions to mammary tumors by enhancing IGFR and Akt/mTOR signaling along with inhibition of apoptotic stimuli.