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Anything but small: Microarousals stand at the crossroad between noradrenaline signaling and key sleep functions.

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Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address:

Continuous sleep restores the brain and body, whereas fragmented sleep harms cognition and health. Microarousals (MAs), brief (3- to 15-s-long) wake intrusions into sleep, are clinical markers for various sleep disorders. Recent rodent studies show that MAs during healthy non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are driven by infraslow fluctuations of noradrenaline (NA) in coordination with electrophysiological rhythms, vasomotor activity, cerebral blood volume, and glymphatic flow.

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Objective: Research on the link between inflammatory indicators and markers of bone metabolism is currently lacking, especially the interaction between Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), the β-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), and the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR). This study intends to fill that knowledge gap by investigating the possible link between inflammatory indicators and bone metabolism.

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Identifying dependable prognostic indicators is essential for the efficient management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The index of hemoglobin glycation (HGI) has been demonstrated to be closely linked to the onset and advancement of MASLD. Currently, no studies have investigated the relationship between HGI and mortality rates among MASLD patients.

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