Tissue distribution of inhaled micro- and nano-sized cerium oxide particles in rats: results from a 28-day exposure study.

In order to obtain more insight into the tissue distribution, accumulation, and elimination of cerium oxide nanoparticles after inhalation exposure, blood and tissue kinetics were investigated during and after a 28-day inhalation study in rats with micro- and nanocerium oxide particles (nominal primary particle size: < 5000, 40, and 5-10 nm). Powder aerosolization resulted in comparable mass median aerodynamic diameter (1.40, 1.17, and 1.02 μm). After single exposure, approximately 10% of the inhaled dose was measured in lung tissue, as was also estimated by a multiple path particle dosimetry model (MPPD). Though small differences in pulmonary deposition efficiencies of cerium oxide were observed, no consistent differences in pulmonary deposition between the micro- and nanoparticles were observed. Each cerium oxide sample was also distributed to tissues other than lung after a single 6-h exposure, such as liver, kidney, and spleen and also brain, testis, and epididymis. No clear particle size-dependent effect on extrapulmonary tissue distribution was observed. Repeated exposure to cerium oxide resulted in significant accumulation of the particles in the (extra)pulmonary tissues. In addition, tissue clearance was shown to be slow, and, overall, insignificant amounts of cerium oxide were eliminated from the body at 48- to 72-h post-exposure. In conclusion, no clear effect of the primary particle size or surface area on pulmonary deposition and extrapulmonary tissue distribution could be demonstrated. This is most likely explained by similar aerodynamic diameter of the cerium oxide particles in air because of the formation of aggregates and irrespective possible differences in surface characteristics. The implications of the accumulation of cerium oxide particles for systemic toxicological effects after repeated chronic exposure via ambient air are significant and require further exploration.