Over the last two decades, the role of microRNAs has been extensively investigated, and it has become clear that these small non-coding RNAs play an essential role in several biological processes including erythropoiesis and that their dysregulation is associated with pathologies. Recent technical innovations have considerably advanced this field and allowed extensive study of microRNA expression and regulation in a variety of cell types. In erythropoiesis, microRNA regulation is involved at defined stages and promotes either stem cell proliferation or erythroid cell differentiation. In this review, while recapitulating the maturation steps of erythroid cells, we discuss the progresses in our understanding of microRNA regulation in the erythroid lineage and their contribution to erythroid disorders.
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