The species Mycobacterium avium includes several subspecies representing highly specialized avian and mammalian pathogens, non-obligatory pathogens of immune compromised humans and saprophitic organisms. Recently obtained information concerning the diversity of M. avium genomic structures not only clarified phylogenic relationships within this species, but began to shed light on the question of how such closely related microorganisms adapt to the occupation of distinct ecological niches. In this review we discuss specific features of M. avium genetic composition, as well as genetic and molecular aspects of M. avium hominissuis (MAH)-triggered disease pathogenesis, including virulence, penetration, immune response manipulation and host genetic control.
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