Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury.

Levels of expressed emotion (EE) within the family, particularly criticism and emotional over-involvement, are associated with a patient's psychological outcome in a range of psychiatric and medical conditions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between levels of family EE and anxiety and depression in patients who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A further aim was to examine whether family members' levels of psychological distress and attributions of patient symptom controllability, were related to their levels of patient-directed EE. Participants were 43 patients who had sustained a complicated mild to severe TBI three months to five years previously, and their nominated family members. Results indicated that family members' criticism and emotional over-involvement were associated with patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, family members' levels of anxiety and depression were associated with their levels of patient-directed criticism and emotional over-involvement, whilst their attributions of patient symptom control were not. These findings suggest that levels of EE within the family are associated with psychological adjustment following TBI. Consequently, interventions targeting EE in family members may help to reduce psychiatric difficulties following TBI.