Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Objective: To investigate whether botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) injections produce the same structural changes in juvenile and adult muscle.
Methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from October 2010 to May 2011. A total of 32 adult and 32 juvenile rats were used. Electron microscopy and immuno-histochemical techniques were used to conduct the morphological study. Neurofilament immunohistochemistry method was used.
Results: The results indicate that the use of BoNT-A injections induced morphological changes in the form of muscle fiber atrophy, disorganization of the muscle fiber structure, extension of nerve terminal sprouts, and formation of new neuromuscular junctions. The same set of structural changes took place in both groups. However, the time scale of these changes occurred earlier in juvenile rats than adult muscle.
Conclusion: The injection of BoNT-A leads to morphological changes in juvenile and adult rat muscle. These changes were the same in both groups.
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