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Backtrace:
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
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Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
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Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: models/Detail_model.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/models/Detail_model.php
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Sphingosine 1-phosphate antagonizes the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in a human colon cancer cell line by modulation of RARβ expression. | LitMetric
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a promising therapeutic agent, but exhibits low efficacy against human cancers. We investigated the effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) on ATRA activity in human colon cancer HT-29 cells. S1P antagonized ATRA activity on HT-29 cell proliferation and retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) expression. S1P treatment or transient co-transfection with SphK2 expression vector antagonized ATRA-induced RARβ promoter activity. Proteasome inhibition prevented S1P-induced modulation of ATRA activity. Overall, S1P antagonized ATRA's inhibitory effects by down-regulating RARβ expression, likely via the proteasome-dependent pathway. Decreasing S1P production or inhibiting SphK2 activity could enhance the efficacy of retinoids in cancer treatments.
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